                      ˿µϣ20050129գ

05.01.29, ʱܱר÷ӣʫ˵սʿ
05.01.29, Ʈһʿֵáη
05.01.29, shunzɡηȻ뵽ġ
05.01.29, ˽ΰһԣĻʴ
05.01.29, Lalawow˼˽ΰĹ
05.01.29, ɽΩף򣩡
05.01.29, סˮͳĻеɡ
05.01.29, Ϊʲôױǩм  ҵ֤м٣
05.01.29, һ۲졶ϿѧУλн̽⡷
05.01.29, С2005꣺Ѱҵڶ˹̹
05.01.29, 塢ĸ߿⡪ۿƾʱġð


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 ʫ˵սʿ

 
ʱܱ2005.1.24.

ȵڣĻɲ٣ԴʮǰǸ
걻һ·ѹӢԻдʱ˵Ļ԰
û߳Ҳ˵ڤڤеһִŰɡ

Ƿ1994˿ʫרеĿͷ

ꡱڷ1988һʫҲֹһλ
/ڽ/Ʒ΢Ц/Ҳû˻/һλ
/ڽ/ʧ/΢ЦҲʧ/һλ/ڽ
//漣/ֻһ/Լ漣/һλ
/ڽ/Ҳû˻ˡ

ԡٶʿݺĺķӣǸЩĽ
ꡣ

ʫ

ʮʫ˶µʱÿ˶ʫ衣

ӴӸʱʼдִʫһʫ1987ꡣ1986꣬
ƼѧϵһԺ󣬿ƴ˻ԭʫ磬Ԫ֮һѧʱ
רҵϵʱ䲻Ǻܶ࣬춼ڸԭʫ硣ڸ
ʱĿƵĳɼʵϸһЩ˵ĿƸûܺȣʦ
Ŀƣ˵ø߿һû⡣

ҪȥƣΪĿƿѧ˵ҴСͶܸ
ȤȤС鳤ɼ˺ܶ걾ֲ걾
ΪţΩһرȤġܳɼȫ
ʡһĵ״ԪҲǱҵʦˡǿƴǸȫ
ƽߵġ˿ƴ󣬷ϵĿγ̸걾û̫


ʱգᵽ걾Ŀﻹд˷ܣʫȴû
ˡɷʱصشȥ˼ġԭʫط˷ͷ
ˡ1997Ժ󣬷ӻдʫ˹ʮûּˡһ
дʫǿഺĳ嶯ʮϾûֳ嶯ˡһû
ʮʱ˵һʫɱĻͲҪдʫˡ

һ

дʫķǸһˡΪһʮһյġˡ
治һ㡣ëϯǣһһ²ѣѵһ
¡˵һ˴һٲѣѵһӴ١˿ɡ

̵ػɷӴٱĶΪ֮ˣ޷
Ϊ֡ʣȷʵַʽ֪ȣȥ
ĳýΪ֪ʶ֮һѾءǹ֪ʶӡ
˳ƷӵĻϵšĸ˼άôʣǵ͵ĺ߼

Ҳע⵽ڲɷУǳƵֵһǣ¶

Գ֡ۡıۡķߣһ١硱
ʹȻθʹȻѧʹȻʹȻʣɲ
øͷϸԴأΪ˿Ժپ

ŪٵˣôǺʵġٱͲҪ
ˣ㻹ƤҲǺѧۣΪⲻѧ⡣Ӧ
ʲô˵ʲô˵ʲôҪŪٵ˱Ͳ㻹
ʲôߺ͹ڸͲͺ˱ˡҾ
³Ѹһ仰˵ҸŮǼŮˣ˵ŮǼŮ
ǾͲˡ˵

1990기ѧżȻ̤ˡ֮á

ʮһպġʦ£뵽廪ѧ
ֱϵѧϵȵظıӽṹʵ飬ý屨Ʋ
ʹ´ﵽĵزӳ˵˵Լõı亽
˵Ǿ롰ʦϷǵҲͦ塣
ʦԸ⣬ķ򶼸ı䲻ˣܸı䵼

Ĵٶ¡1990꣬ȥ1993꣬
ʼ¶˵¿ܾڹûƭȥܵȥˣ
ȥ׬Ǯ˺ܶѧͽܣʱǾʮһƱҪ
Ԫܶ˻ӢΪһǴ棬
˿ޣЦ̱ľվˡʵһּߡ
һЭᡣٹȣʶһЩѧ
ƼݣΪ˱ٹȡ

1994꣬˿վΪƽ̨λʽķαѧʹ
𽥽빫Ұʤġ

ʵĻ

ӴССĴٰн400ɹӦӪƭ֡
ѧԺ»š¼ҿ˱Ʒг͸УĻ2001꣬
˿վµҵƭֺµġʺ󡱡һģָν
Ӫһҵƭ֡˵ǰعʱҷһǰ
ͽ¶ġ԰׽Уͬʱðһ֡鵤ҩӪ
ƷʱһλҶֺӪƷĿҲ˼ͻشǱ
԰׽𡯻Ҫơ

˺Ϸĩͷıˡ֮ĸ߳ⳡ߳
ڱֽչġӰܹעսľ
ºˡڵýȫˣϷĩڱºչ
һš£Ȼѡ

»š¼һⲻ۵ʵţϵĿʷм
ΪǿҵϷԡϷ̨ѧԺԺƵεĽ
䡪˵ߡ

ǵĳǿ̹ĵ

 

˺ݡ˵ƵܸߣǳϲЦ仰бЦһΣʱ
ҲûЦɡ

ûʲô칦

ʱܱ˾Ϲϵ˾ϵ˺ܶࡣ

ӣΪ˺ܶˣرǽϵġ˺ܶνʦ
칦ܵĴʦ˵˾˱ȽҡϲݣҪ˾
һ飬ʲô˵ˣ˵̫ϲɽ¶ˮˡǲװˡ
ǰҲǸʦȥ칦ܣܸ˷
һЩȷʵκˡͻ쵽Ȧˣֶƭ˵ģһƭ
ӡʼʡԼΪʲôûƭˣΪʲôܰѱ˵Ĳκãʼ
ȥ飬ַβʵǿʾһͿʼ¶
ǣǵָкܶ˵˾ϡӷ칦Ͷ
ʵڷ칦ܺαѧʱѹܴΪڵĴʱ֧Щġ

ʱܱΪʲôʱǶô칦أ

ӣʮĩͿʼˡ7879һֵ󣬺ܶ
ѧоǾǸСħ͵ġ

ʱܱû칦ܵˣ

ӣڻûзһЩνʦҴˡ

ʱܱαѧ

ӣô˵ͨ뾲ģǿŵġ˵
ܷ칦ܣǼٵġҲԸԼβܹҰ
ʾĵڵáΪܶ༲ʵ̫ˣ
̫ˣܹﵽƽ״̬ͺˡԼҲ̫ȭ
֮ͨ϶кôġ

ʱܱ񷢹Щ书Ҳмصѽ

ӣмأмزġ󣬱
˵ѡ

Ტۡ

ʱܱ㱾˶ԴٵûȤ

ӣȤ˵ܴ󣬵Ҳ˵һûС˵һȤûУ
Ҳܳôʱ䡣ҪȤ顣ұ˵
ȥΪʱЧԣû˿ˡܴ󡣱ҽ
¶ĳֱƷҩǼٵģܶ˾ͲϵԩǮ¶ѧô
꣬ǰҶӣ֪ôڰڴҹעˣҲһ
͡

ʱܱ㱻˴ٶʿıǩú

ӣҲʲôʿ˵ѧ
˵ˡҺǲͬεġǱžĿĵģԿ׬Ǯ
һǮû׬Ҫɱ档ҵľһᲢ
ۡ

ʱܱƷǲǶûõģ

ӣһЩάضȱõġڵıƷǺųƺ
ġ̫ڷҺɣҪ˲ηȥ͸ˡ
õģҲûıЧ

ʱܱǲֻάأ

ӣάҲšֻȱãԶ˲á

ʱܱŶղƷأ

ӣŶͲһҽѧںöŶղƷʵϾ
йҩӡ

ʱܱ¶ЩƷǻ᲻鷳

ӣº˵Ǯйҵȥ
̨ɷʱᵽºᣬ󶼱ɾˣǵĹͻ

Һϧҵ

ʱܱ˾Сĸ˼ά

ӣ˵ϲñӴӰɣĸֿñӶûݵģ
˵Ķиоݵģһ£˵ǿñӡ˵Ƚϼ
Ҿ˵٣٣ҾͲǿñӡﶼ֤ݣ
˵ñӾͲˡҺΪʲôϰҺ͡ĸϵһ
ĸЩͨʵݺˣȫ¡

ʱܱ˼άʽϻ᲻Ƶĵط

ӣûСҵ˼άʽѧͳӰ죬һ˵һж˵
ж֤ݣ˵ٻǲģйҪ
档

ʱܱЩˣʵӰ

ӣСĳҪҵ飬ܳˡҪȥ
һѧһſΣҿζˣͻȻһ֪ͨ˵βˡҲ
Щ¡һôΪûеλ漰˼ʹϵ
Һѣ֪ͨʲôֶΡʧȥǰҴһ٣ΣյǴڡ
ЩѺܵģ˵ٸºһڵʧǻ
ĻӦò¡Һ˾ϲ̫һ˾ϱ˴ܶΣ
Ϊǽƭӡ˾һҪСģѱһЩ˻ͷԷȡ
˵Ƕĳǿ̹ĵģ㲻̫⡣

ʱܱ᲻γɻȨ

ӣΪʲô˼һ˵ĻΪ˵Ļиݵġ
˵˼ҲңҲȨԣѾˡҲϧ
ãԼͻᱻƻˡҲҷǳСĵģǺϧҵ
ġ

ʱܱûΪʲôôã

ӣҾúԸйϵҲģңֻһ¡
Ƚִţһ£׷

ʱܱƫִ

ӣҲƫִƫִǷԵ̬ȡ֪ΪʲôҪô
ĺô˵ҸʲôôǶʲôôһǿ
Ƚ׼ģ˵һʱĳ嶯ҪţǼ⡣ֻ˵Ƚִš

(XYS20050129)

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ʿֵáη

ߣƮһ

ڡǷҪηȻԽԽȣɫ˵ȷīǳ
Ҳ̲ס˵䡣Ǵ»ѧеרҵʿȻϣ
ڹܹԽԽӡ

Ȳ˵ǹҡԼһɽһˮһһľϷɵĵܵ
ôҪʹǽҵķĿɳԳ֮Ҳ
֮õĴ¡ϣڵĻʿܹԽԽ࣬
Ҳܹʵ֡ɳչʵǵؽЩڸײǵĻ
ʶв̶ͬȵߣ̵Уʿ֮ΡŮ
ʿȹûǵȷкܶ೤ͻĪƳ
ҪﵽЧžǱȻѡΪʲôڵʵǣ
ţԴܲź쵼ɲͬʱҲԵڵĻԡܲ
ź쵼ɲĵ¡УǲСϰĵ
ãǲáŵļ򵥻ʺϻش⡣ ö
ԶԻʿǿνϴ˵ִ˲ƣרѧһ˵һ
ж˵óĽ۳ǡڡ£ܻ
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ݣ޷ڵ򣬴ڵķģȻ˺
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Ӣ⣬ʿǵĳ伫͹ȷʵ˹ڶ
Щĺʶٽ쵼ɲܲŶЩĹעֵ
ÿ϶ȴ˹ڣ쵼ɲܲţЩ
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£Ƶǳͷβ˲֮١һϣʿҲܲ˵
ӹΰ

չúͱ֮ìǿ͹۴ڵġڷչУǾ
УǻУֻͬУҪʱջ
һŶۡйĿǰĻ״ȷʵϾҪнȸ
ǻ顣Ҫʵʵտѧɰ£ӴͶ룬
ǿĽĸƣȫ񻷱ʶڲ롣
̵УʿʵҲԴΪΪʿ
ܹʶ첻㣬һ⳴Ժþգ齻
רȥ֤ҲΪΪΪ˸ֵáź
ʹкʵ̫ǿˣͨ¶ԶԶרҵ֪ʶˮƽ
רηŲģʲȻ
ҪֽеףͲܲˡηˡ

(XYS20050129)

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ɡηȻ뵽

ߣshunz

һʱ䣬һֱΧǷӦ"ηȻ"ۣҲ
һֱڹעⳡۣдҶⳡ۵һЩ

ȣȻǷҪ"ηȻ"ôҪȸ׺ν"
Ȼ"һ½ͣ"Ȼ"ָ"˵Ŀ͹"Ҳ˵һ
͹۴ڶΪ"Ȼ"ܿȻƽȵģ"η"
ҼȻһֿ͹۴ڣôֻᰴĿ͹۹УǷ
"η"ı䡣˵һ"ηȻ"κ壬ֲ
̬ȻХʯˮЩҲȻϻȻ
ϻԵĶҲȻҪ"η"ʲô

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ȴǣǿĽΪ"Դ""ηȻ"˵"
ԴĴȻ"Ҳ˵ȻǷ""ֻ㣳
Ľ;˵˼άʽڳˡԹӴʱ
ƫ"η"ԺʿҲҪ"η"ĺ""
ɷ֣ǰѾ֤ȻĹϵһƽȵĹϵ˵"η"

󣬼Ȼ"ηȻ"ôҵҪһ䣬"ηȻ"Ŀʲô
ΪӦ"ηȻ"Ĺ۵Ϊ"ηȻ"ĿĻΪ"
"ôø˵"Ϊ뾴ηȻ"һ
£ֻҪΪȫΪ㣬ôõʲôη
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"Ϊ"Ȼ飬ôȻͲˣǷη
£Ȼˮ⵽ڱ׻Ǳ״Ͳˡ

ΧǷηۻǣһ⣺Ϊ"ѧ"Ůʿ˵"ηȻ"
Ƿѧ˵"ηȻ"Ƿѧһ˵"η
Ȼ"ǿѧʶôѧʲôأάٿ˵"ѧǹȻ
˼ά֪ʶϵ"岢δѿѧαѧԼŵֿ
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5ܽѧģͣԤ⣬ԤʵһΧ
ܹǺϡ 

ֻз֪ʶϵǿѧ֪ʶɿѧ֪ʶϵȷ
ѧۺͿѧķֹ˿ѧں־ΪΪ
ʵʵ֤̽Ծ񡢴¾񡢻ɾ񡢶
ԭ񡣽ʲôǿѧٻعͷ"ηȻ"ǷϿѧ
ľȣ"ηȻ"ǷԵģ"ηȻ"ܹԵؿ
ȻȻԴǻķ̬ȡΣ"ηȻ"
ĶȻԶ֮Υ˿ѧ̽"ηȻ"ʶ
ڲ֪ۣȻȱġ˵"ηȻ"ǳͷβ
ѧģ

ۣҵ˼֮·ߣۣ
ܹóһЩ۾ǣ飬壬ţ
֧ǲеģӦýڿѧʶ֮ϣӦ
ġĻαʱʱ̶̿ƫ뻷ȷⳡ
۵ǽʾʲôȣⳡۣǷйѧĵ
£֧"ηȻ"߶ȱĿѧʶ߼
ңìܣֽƾԼļһ֧"ηȻ"Ĺ
㣬Ա˵˵Ӷ˵ȱʵľδⳡ
ۣҪпйʧˣŮʿԲѵذѵλ͹ʵ
λͬǳ֮һ˻Ůʿܵ
ʲôĳн˻ôбҵġ

(XYS20050129)

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˽ΰһԣĻʴ

A common Physicist

   Щý嶼ڱйƼѧ˽ΰϢ
Ľܳף20043о󽱣ŷ˵ｱ
115ŷԪ鱤ǽ105ŷԪ־о
ϻн113ŷԪ

    Ҳ֪Ǽ٣google"ｱ"ȫ
˽ΰйءǸԡ"Marie Curie Awards"
Ļǣ

Jens Marklof (Germany): for his studies in quantum physics and 
the localisation properties of chaotic quantum states
http://www.europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=
IP/04/1344&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)

    ˽ΰģ

    ҲǷĻˡ鱤ǽ־о
нûʱȥ顣ҲǿԲ顣Ӱ
˭֪ЩӢƣܲ顿

    Ϊ˽ΰһЩоֱ޷̣



˽ΰڣУѣŷо

    2005-1-24

    ѶйƼѧ˽ΰУѣϢ
ܳף20043о󽱣ŷ˵ｱ115ŷԪ
鱤ǽ105ŷԪ־оϻн113ŷ
Ԫ

    ձŷѧѡ2004ȹѧʮչս
˽ΰڵȹڡӾն˿ŵ̬δ䡱оɹ
Ǽ2003ѡѧѡȹѧʮչ֮
óɹõһ٣Ҳйѧйȡõоɹ״ͬʱ
ѡѧʮչ

(XYS20050129)

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˼˽ΰĹ

Lalawow

    ˼ѵ¡Ҳְ˽ΰôйŵѡ
ˡֳ˷ǳĲ˼ԡƪ˽ΰйƴ
޸ݵĲɺĪ

    ˽ΰںҲְ˽ΰûںڣǲǾ͵
Ҳְ˽ΰĿǰΪֹNatureϾͷ8ƪ£4ƪһ
ߣ3ƪڶߣʣһƪйƴ쵼ʵġĿгɹ
Ҫúְ֤Լˮ׼˼Уʵ鹤ľǲ
۹ġʵϣѧоУʵԵĹ۹ͬ塣

    ˽ΰйƴţ˵йпŵˣ˼˵˵
ʹ߲ɷã˽ΰҲûǫûзϡС˽ΰͿƴǱ
Ϊ飬ƭй쵼ƭйý塢ƭйѡʵأýһ
ѷ˽ΰʱ˽ΰйƴʵǵ˵ŵо
롣˽ΰڻȫʮѽܳʱsohuϴʱ˵1997
ЩϢʵǳҪҾҸ˵Ĺ۵˵ڰ
ʱĲʿʦָ񣩣ӦúϣŵҲ
ĹܹһŵΪһй˵ӵһ̽Ȼ
һЩɻǰѾǺֵ顣Իͬйƴ
վϡ˼еĺйƴǱΪ˽ΰ

    ˽ΰںȡһɼ֮󣬲Լѧ֪ʶõĿƼ
Сڶ̶ʱ쵼йƴоѾ˴PRL
£ԼǰᵽNature¡Ҳ֪ڹȫһܹ
ƪNatureSciencePRLε£֪Ȼ˽ΰĳɼ
ǺϸģĽܳġΪһйˣΪһѧң
Ҹеġѧ߷ȿҪܶ˼Լ˺յġ

   ϣ˼ܹxysվ׵Ķйƴ˽ΰĹǵǸ


¼
˽ΰشߺʣsohu
http://news.sohu.com/20050112/n223911495.shtml ƴhttp://news.ustc.edu.
cn/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=4141 

ѡ
ѣ˽ڣǷǹĹҪŵ

˽ΰش: 1997ЩϢʵǳҪ
ҾҸ˵Ĺ۵˵ڰµʱĲʿʦָ񣩣Ӧúϣ
ŵҲĹܹһŵΪһ
˵ӵһ̽ȻһЩɻǰѾǺֵ顣
ýҪˣֻǸĽͰˡǻûһɱ
ŵߣŹҶԿͶϵӣܳĻ
ѧ߻ԽԽĻصڴҵĹͬŬ£ʮǲõĽ
ǹڻ缶Ŀгɹ

⣺˽ΰڣΪö˸ʱ˵˽йѧŵ
֮һԼһʲôжϣôй
ŵе

˽ΰʱ˵Ҿڵ˵Ǻܲ
ģжԶ˭Ҳ˵塣97ĹǱȽʶĹұȽҪ
µĵʦпΪ񽱣ֻһֿܡǰĹ
ҵŵڱȽźҹûڱŵߡԿ
߶ԣȨ׷̽ȻİرǷǳֵġڽܷ
Ҫûˡý˶ĿѧֻǶĽ͡
Ϊ׷񽱶ʲô¡ҲŹҶԿеͶ룬ڵۺ
ʵԽԽߡǾŬĿǰǵоѴڹȵλ
ܶлһЩ£ʮʮŬкܶ˵ŵҲԸ
˵ҵĹжԶһŬ

(XYS20050129)

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Ωף

ɽ

ΩλѧߣѧѧߣҲһλйʶӣйԭ
ʶӣңţһλԭʼ빲Աԭʼ루
ȻԼҲ֪ʵվֻǻ룩ԭʼԱ

ҵһμ1990ݵĺȻӪһӢһõϰӪ
1990ǵһ죬ʱĸչһ꣬Ϊַ֧֮ѧ˶ӺϷʵĿ
ѧУλϱܸߣȷʵѧרĽԱ
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źڶһλԼرѡȥ飬Ӧ
ǡѵļ˺ר˲ţ׷濨Ƥ飨Kapitsa1978ŵ
ʵʵĶ˼飬صйڿרҵȻҲרҵе쵼һ
ǱпԺԺѡȥκϷʿƼѧУʱϷʿƴǲ
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ȷʵѧߣҲϲ飬˹ͨȥʮӦ
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档һԭ֤л֤õл֤ˡ
˲䣬ױƵϲ֮飬һõҵ֤ѧ

һһǰһյϵ֪ͨ˵Ҫعáܳѧ
ϵȥҲнڵýܳѧûϵᡣɼϵι
ĵýжӡȷǲףܳѧѧѡȫУ廪ص
Ѿʮ꣬ٻ飬ֻǺѧȻദȻ
ôϵԼе⣬زᣬϵζϵ
εܵҵȻȥˣüλݵϽҲˣϲ󣬺
ģкҺ˺üࡣ

ʵһӣǳ棬ȴڰ칫ңڴٳ1999зȥٳɢ
Ҳȥ˾ͳϣһһ˵ģߵñͦǰĿ
ӣҲкңϾǶˡһҲǰ
죬һ߶ߣһģ˵ֲܻش½ˡ

89֮꣬ĵ½ȥ˳ʿҲ½½Ļȥڱ
ѣҴӭÿ̽׵ȥֻҪͿ
Ը⣬Ҫȥ͹ȥûд˵ƽҲùʲӭ
֮Ҹ˵ⲻǶԴ⣬ҡڵĻȥϾ͹Ҳס˼
̨ϣŵɹͬ⣬һͰûȥй
ԭ򣨻߱Ťɡһγ飬һѧҵֻȥ
ԵģҶԽܣԺͳȥܷ˻ڱпԺء

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Ҳûž͵˺Ϸʣʹǰʶѧڼ棬˼Ҳװ֪
ɹ󣬾ȥѧУĵίǣһǰ
ЩڵˡҪѧ̸ᣬ̸ᵱȻûɣǵί
Ωܶ˶֪ܻϵˣûʽ֪鲻Ҳ
У͸ϱˡǹͱȰǰ뿪Ϸʣϻ𳵺Ͼ˸ţ
ݣȻ¶棬ˣòҲܿ˵˵ҪϿ뿪й
Ȼǲýֻǿ󣬹ͬ
Ǻúõĳһ٣ڶһɻͳˡӴˣҲò
̨֤زȥˡ

ֻһΣҲֻһΣ͵ÿϸڶ
һЩǴڴٳϽ˺󣬲죬ȻһϢ̨зѣĦ
ײţԹȥȥˡ֪ͬʮ𾪰ٳ
ӰҵȻѡ룬һʯУ
׺֮һڣϲ֮Ŀ࣬Ȳ⣬ֻЩϲ֮
дĿ֮ʣȻʹҲ֪ˣδزǸ
ٳϣҿö߼ȦͽĹдԵһ
ٳżȻٷ꣬߿ٲЩϸڰɡ

ȥգԾЯǻҷڹɵĹ
磬ٲҪʲô뾳ǩ֤ˡھ˸ӵ׷ᣬǰʽѧûʻʵ¼
мͲϲĹٳ˵ڲܻӭ֮У֮飬Ҳ
԰ο˰ɣ

20041225տϱ

Ҷ

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ʮµһİ廪ĴٳȥɢԲͬһǻһ
Ĳӡ׼ɢ경󣬵ٳɽ·Եȥ

ҵһοӡ2002סҲٳҲɢĹ
һһġҿ¼Ѿɣ൱⣬׼棬Ҫ
ȿҪҡд֡

ϣͰһϸĶҲķ˱ģһ
ĶˣȻЩطģܸжҲŵھ˼죬黹
˵ȳʱһΪд֡

ڲٳϻ˼棬ȴû£ֻԼ֪ڽС
Ȼ󣬾2003¶ʮգȫûԤ֪ҲûлһӣͺȻˡ

λ̸£֪¼£в˳ֽǢ˼ҳ
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20042£ݼϣЭɳ£дʽȨ顣
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ôһССгһУЩ͵꣬ûϼܣԭװ˻
磬һ磬Σҵͻӯתٶ༸οܾͳŲȥ

ԣǻصԭ㣬廪ѧ棬ĻЭС
ƽڵĵʱνʱһ죬˷ܵĸңս
ѧУԴѧиԼĳǺ£ҪԴǼȻɡ
ȻȡĵһҲġLectures on the Kinetic 
Theory of Gases, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and Statistical Theories
꾡֮һƫƧŵõϽŵķ
˵ڵԶģ˭ҲҸһ֣·֪
Ϊ˳飬绹ѧЭ̣Ϊ
ȨתˣᵱȻͬ⣬Ŵʣ
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Ҳ廪֮Ϊ廪ɡ廪ĽУУ÷оԣѧ֮
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󣬺ֵ廪ΪֻϧһǮĽ죬ķҲ
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ܷ˵ȴΪȥܷ˴󲿷ʱ
绰Դʱ档ұķʽһαһǿ
ңһαһȷڵ绰˵˵ž˲֪
ĳ棬ǹļ鷳ǧ󣬻ܸо绰
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ĬɣӺʱ𣬰ѳĬɵһȻܵˣ˽
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ʵĽǣԣѾ¼ȨȨ20023
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Ϊʷһ¼

ʣˣ˸鷳ùԸδˣҲ
ƽôأΪˡ

ˣһҴٳ׼ٿһٳϣһ
飬Ҳ֮飬Ұɡ

廪ĴٳǺɫģһȷȷʵʵĹƣҲһл塣
ʱ֮ͬȻǲٳʲô仯Ƕ˲ͬ

Լ峿ʱһ߾ʹʮ˼ɽǸپ죬
ٳǱؾ֮;ô̶ļˣͷҲ̶ܹһ·һ·
ՒE۽¡أҲȨǴǰɵϰߡ
ʱ߰һ㣬Ҳһ飬߾еġߵ
˹ȥˣĽְԱǲȺӣһĶߵúܿĴ
ٳǰУǴһԱ߰˵Ժ󣬲ٳͼžǰ
ģ˾ǰһλɵѵΪǿû壬Ϊһһ
Ҳάֲȥڣһʱ䣬ʦȥоңѧȥéȻ
Ҳڴϵģٳͺܰˣֱ󣬿ʼεģ
㣬ǴٳԪʱ򣬳Ͽεѧģȭģ̫
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Сbabyҡҡλε·мΣСǰǰĴԾţbabyЦúÿģ
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Щһң϶ȫٳߵģǰʱѧʶң
ͣ˵УõģģȻʶˡһѩͷһŤһŤз
е㰭·ҲССѧѧָ˵
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Ŷ۽ôһ飬һ͵ӰӰˡ

һʱڣɢʱ򣬳һλŮڴʵҵоȺһչܵ
ϺХһԽʱܻĽһУãλŮڵоѧ
ͦɫȴԡƺ⡱УΪΣУһʱڣǳĿͷ
ΪоѧɫţʵĻˣ׼ìû
ٺзˣ˲ȺһԱȺҪġǣ
Ĺϵһٰʮȵת䣬ҳԺУ죬ȫûԤģһ
ңһǼֱۿתԣһδоȺɨ
СУáʱǳܰġǣһΣûȥٳȥ
ʱֹˣѧǽСУáȴعͷʣôǰûأ
֧䣬һǽڵĽͣǺܹܿȥˣԶԶ
ܻʱоСѧӿαʦץšΪʲôأ
ģһӺоȺȴˣһ·˵Ǹʮ
ɽȥˣҲɣܾͰǳƽˡ

һӣһλ˵ǰ֢ĩڣȴÿ絽ٳɢ
ҲߵĺͲˣٺյţ֪ˡ

һӣڲٳǵһ磬һԴ˶ѧһŮİ
еðĦһѵʲôѡְɣóమţһһƳ飬
˽סҪܵĿ绯ˡŶഺͰôĺãÿǶ
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ϦѾȥҴӲٳƹ˳ٳˣȫͬľ󣬶
ڴǼˣ˸ֻȴǾĵģһ˱
һȴְ߲߰·ɽȥ·һƤģ
ĿΣôһţƺǶԴӷǶԺƺҲû
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ʲôϣʹˡ˵ļУ̫£һ£ڴжԾ
ɵķ衣岻ʹˣȴţʮǰʱ
ͷڷߣ÷УУأȻ
УŵĹ⸴·ڣ̵ͨ·ʶȫУֻʮ˸ѧȴҪʮ
һ׵أ˼ʣҪôࣿУ˵ģڻ


ֻصǿ̨ŵ£ʮǰѾҹ÷԰Ҳ
ţٳһ۵ĵƹ⣬Ȼֱһȣ˭
СȥͲҲܿϨԭУѲҹҪץץʲôȴץ
ԺĵǸŶŶŶԺԲסԲס

εӰֿܿУææС͵ߣֵÿģҲ
ǣҹ͸ϻ̨ˣʮ꣬ķ֮һˣǶ
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Ϧʹ̣һı֯Ļƽ˿ߣѩ׵Ķͷ
ô꣬ô˭ǰ£ȴ˵飿

ഺͰĻѽ˭֪˭֪أǻ컹Σ

⣬ķ΢΢ۣһƬҶƮ䡣̨
ҲӲ򾡣ҶӲȻ͸꣬ʹŲ̣Ʈ
ķ磬º͵ģҶֱ£һ΢΢һתۣһ
ߵһΣһתۣһֵأ
һĻµúúõģ䵽棬ĿҶʱˣͱ
ǲһƮ𣬻תһǶôǣʱ
ˣǵߣ볾ˡ

˺ȻеһĻso long, farewell ĸ裺

They compel us Cuckoo, cuckoo To say goodbye .Cuckoo! to you
So long, farewell, auf Wiedersehen, adieu
Adieu, adieu, to yieu and yieu and yieu


һŵ̨ţʱˣͱ𣬸һĹ磬
ֱ̨ɽСɰһȴģѾȥĻ󣬻ͷҡ
ҡɰС֣ɰĹлĻء

ʱҲȥ˳Ҳʱ˳ֲҲׯô˵
ҶĸвʵȻγˣ
ģˡʨӡԱһ̵ʱһε
ڣĹ£ͷһˮˡ͵ŵͺӥǣܿʰ
о֣ԭȻķȣ֪Ĵ󣬻ԼߵǶ
ȻĽ֡ȻҲг;Ĵ;߲ˣϢһ£һ
£ȴðΧĹʵڲУˣóȥЭ
ȥ޲ߣˡ

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ͷĸеĳǰȹǾñָĸΧת
ӷͳĺڳأó̱ķȹǣ
ĸ£ȺȥˣһֻģҲŮҲǰİ£
ñӾȹǣñָһΣΡڷ£µӰӣ׷
ͬ飬һˡ

ô˵Ļ棡ˣ֮ˣôҪһ̣
Ĵ룬ƿƿ޹޹ȫûĳªûϡ
ʹ࣬尾ḺĽ

Ͳò˹̹֮ʣҽʲôԸûУ
Ǻʹ࣬ҽ˵һ㣬ɺܿͻȥ˹̹˵ҾͰˣ
ҴģźΨһϣǣϵߡˣ
˹̹ȫûΪķСϷûļ㣬ͣ
֮ʱ̣Ȼϵˡ

м˹̹ԣˣ޿ļƴƴø
ַߵʹࡣԼд˰ҲĴ㣬
ܷԸȴһҲûС

ҶƮһ壬мټǧƬҶһȺ壬
Ƭ֣һ塣ڷȺ겻ȥɻ
̣ǶǣվҶȴΨһģ
ôһΣû˾ûˣȫûˣɲֻͳĿСһλܲ
ϧأ

Ҳȡ⣬Ҳн¶ŬΪ׳һס
һ֦꣬ӴƮ㣬ٻزȥҶƬѽΪʲôأ
һ־й˰ˣ

һ־йˡôǫһԸڽ첻סϿ
ȶѹһУʲô־ֻҪһִȶֻĳλĳ
˵ȶͱųϿ˰йΪ࣬й˾Ͳ̨ˣ
̨˵ȻͲ̨壬һйʷĻģҪųôӰ
ϧл֤лʲôأ1949Ͳ
һ飬ԹһȨˡ¼Щʹ
䡣Ҳһ׸ÿѡپͶԶԶܲͲ

ʮֵһģԹķţһ
ⶼӵ˵ε

谵ĺɫҲûȥˣƹˣŻɳ
ĺܵٳûˣ쵱Ȼһֻֻ֣ˡ
죬Զ죬һˣһһ죬廪ѧҲ
ʧˡǿŵѽȫǵģ˺ٳ

صң͸ͨ˸绰ɣҺһϹһҪ
ģҽȥ˲ٳ

ܷˣԲסˡ֤Ȿ¼ְֻ棬·ᳬһǧ
ᣬἤһ˿Ҳᣬֻһ¼һλԭ
оĵĸ꣬һӵĿѧңΪһ־й
磬мѹ飬ҲҲⱾ¼Ĺ棬
ѧ֮󣬻ʶһǿ߹꣬ĹΨһһ

ܷˣѾˡһΣλεģҹֵͬǶԹ
ҲйĶ߸йϾĸйˡ

200511ռ2գϱ

(XYS20050129)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ˮͳĻе



ڴͺȽĻʱЩǼڰŴͳĻ
лʷƾãͳĻɷḻʡĴͳĻȻ
¡Ȼ˸վ˵ͳĻûо֮֡Ǵͺ
ȽĻǽڼ̳дͳĻľеɻϵġ

ôʲôǴͳĻأΪˮ֮һ

Ϊʲôˮ֮˵ǴͳĻأŪ塰ˮԴ
ʷΨ۵ĹĻ繫йˮ֮˵Խ豵ġ
顷ϵѧҡѵڬѧңϲ֮ǡм
װŪĹ¡ڡ顷д߳ҲԻ˷ɢ
ˮֹ˾֮ʹɢ֮ʹֹν֮ˮ侭Ļ
ѿ豵ԭ⣬ˮָȻķˮǾ
űլػصΧķˮɽ̵ص̬ơνˮ
ǡ˷ɢˮֹס ȻĿ
һֳȻġĪ⡢޷֪ĶһΨĵĹΪ
۶״ķˮ˵ǽ֮լĹ֮У
լͼĻǵ·ˡ˭϶
ġۡ͡ɢֻпˡˮࡰɡ
ˮĺǿˮָ㣬ʹסլĻ˺·صܻ߱ø
вƽȻ뿪һûзˮԡԴ
ˮһΨĵġᳫŻˮ֮˵ǴͳĻеɣ
Ӧء

˵ˮƽʱڵĹĹ֡Ȼ
ڿѧѸͷչĵˮŻܵкͽֹʱڣЩ
ȴͼഫͳĻɳطҸȼִʻΪ
ءʱֵɴ֮ΪˮԤ⡱ȵȣֳֿ
鼮õ֡ںﴫͳĻ
ţͲܲ˹עʾΣˡ

ʵҲжϣùľ󡣺
իʡëͬ־ǰصһżһΡ
ء˵ǡ˵нܹסΪԼѡĹأ
볤һٲ·ʱΩĹرˮûʹصô뽭ˮ
ôῴˮĹ豹ϵ˵½صġȻ֪˶ʱ
󣬹ĹΧʮﶼɣԴ˲ΪȻΪ豵ķˮ˵Ϊ
ǳ˵ԹΪ֪ҲᾭΪɽ
լӡΪԪꡣȻ֪ˮ֮Ϊ½ܲԪ߼
꣬ռĹߡָǷˮǰѹ豵ᾭΪռ׼
ݡΪһλصĲξͼıȡ˾ϵȨ
豲ĽرذܣذɱˡպҲˡ
ʵʮץסҪͬʷǡصűʱӲ
Ȣ¼ĹһһЩĴαѧðαӲƷҲй
豵ɫַǴαѧٲƷԼϵġ
ѧˣԼʱûʦβԳܹߣ
ŻԿסǿЩˮоߣסլ
ˮԼˮ˵Ԥ⡱ģ

ԾһЩʵ˵ˮ˵ǴͳĻɡ׫дʱ߶
һݲϣᵽһλѡˮĽڽκ磿
ַûѡҲ嶫ɫƬʱޡ˷ˮ֮
ŻĺߡֻҪһйʷ֪ʶͻףŸ
֧䷨⵽ؾӣĽ̨ġ
ĳںӱأ޽ġ֮޹ϵ
Ķȷʵ羰峯޽ĹƶȣɴأдУ
·¥ʯʯˮ롰幩ͤ䣬Ϊйһ
ξ㡣ϧ1928걻Ӣ֯ըĹԣ꽾һʱ
̫ʬڹ컯֮¡μخ䡷ˮ
ʲôϵأʮķˮѣǽձδ󾰵֮һ
˳ʵúɽϵ֮ûбʢ
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еķʹ߿϶ֻ𣿶һЩ̰ʦԤլ
ķˮҲ˸ǽ

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2005.1.28.

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ױǩм  ҵ֤м٣

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ίбԼûļǩԼĴ

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ǩ٣ҪΡ֪עԼǩ
˲ڣйµļҲҪ취õ˵ױǩ
ǩķ˹Ѷ¾ΪԼæڸ
ѹٱοԼǩĹѪͷò
Ǹ֤Ժ۶æһǩ

ٿǹҵƺڹԱҲˡ
ҹÿмѧҵʮ˶ʿҵʿҵ
ıҵ֤ѧλ֤飬ᷢνУǩѧλίԱϯǩֶǼ
ģԱǲмǩ֣ԾͿ˸Ƥͼʡ£
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2005꣺Ѱҵڶ˹̹

С
Ϸĩ2005-01-27

1905ǿѧʷϽΪһ꣬ʱĬĬŵİ˹̹5ƪ
ĳ׸ı˴ͳѧҲΪ츣༼춨˻֮
Ϲͨ齫2005궨Ϊ꣬Լ漣֮ꡱһ
Ҳǡ갮˹̹50ꡣ



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(¡ӢȹѹֱΪ˹̹ꡱ)ʼʩ޵³ް˹
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йѧ᳣¡йѧԺооԱ˵2005
Ϊ壬˹̹Ϊѧ˲ţԼ
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ꡱΪꡱ뷨׷ݵŷ
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2002꣬һõʴӦϻ(IUPAP)24ȫ
һͨ2003ٿϹ̿֯(UNESCO)ȫ32λϣ
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Ҳ˲ϲѡ쭡һڿѧΪɫʹŨءȻ
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1879꣬˹̹ڵ¹ڶķһв׼ͥ5ʱ׸
һָ룬ָڴת龰ȡţٿ
ƻһ˹̹һֵĸоΪԼԶ
塣ڲͬȨ˹̹һȱΪעһ޳ɣѧҵ޷
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ʱͿռȫ¸

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Դˣ˼ѧվվ˵ھעʱý
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ɫɵĹ׶кɫȥɫδɫɫʾȥ
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ĸ߿
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塢

߿йߵȽейԱڶ࣬
Ҹ֮ˮƽڽϴĲ࣬ʵиʡСֱ
ͻ߿¼ȡߵߡֿøشڵĸ߿ߵĲ켰
¼ȡʵĸߵͣͨתѧǨƻڵȰ취߿Խϵ͡¼ȡʽϸ
ĵӦⱻΪ߿񡱡ԣ߿Ϊ࣬
һǾȾˮƽ߶߿¼ȡߵ͵ֱϽУǺϡյȾ
ˮƽҸ߿¼ȡҲ͵ĶʡݣǺθߡúͽˮƽͶ
¼ȡ߸͵ʡҪֵ̽ıǵ
ĸ߿⣬󣬷ԭ򣬲ƾʱԶ
ðȽϣӦĽ֮ 

һǰʡġ߿ 

ʼ2080ġ߿֮ڽܵĹ㷺
עһΪʱһҲµʹ
Ȼغʡݼʡȣʡĸ߿¼ȡһ
ʮ֣ϰٷ֡ÿ߿ʱ࿼뷽
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ʹ˸ʡ߿ԭе߹涨ͷʡ¼ȡĸ֣˺ܶµ
⡣ 

ǺصģλԽͨĳ嶯ҲԽ
ĿǰȻСѧĻҵҴڣб֣
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Ծš˴ʹ£ֿŻڼҳѵİ
ͨ뵽߿񡱵С 

߿ڵĸԭԻĿǰ߿¼ȡƶд
ĸ߿Ͳͬ¼ȡʡҹһֱʵʡСΪ
λȷ¼ȡͻ߿¼ȡߵߣʡ֮߿¼ȡߴ
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ǰɹš½صȵزμӸ߿Ҵ󲿷ֻ˲Ļر
ʡ֮ķΪԣγһɡ߿
 

Ǵʡʡ2001굽2003ĸ߿¼ȡȽϵ
һ¡߿߿¼ȡ֮Ĺϵ
 
	ʡ	2001		2002		2003
 	 	һ	ڶ	һ	ڶ	һ	ڶ
		Ŀ		Ŀ		Ŀ		Ŀ		Ŀ		Ŀ	
ʡ
	½	468	486	436	436	490	499	436	420	493	456	450	390
		440	450	350	300	 	 	 	 	450	440	320	325
		474	479	430	425	480	471	440	428	491	426	431	381
	ຣ	448	400	394	338	445	378	372	302	426	338	355	276
		490	512	465	467	492	508	466	457	504	458	456	402
ʡ
		475	435	435	370	475	440	435	375	480	405	445	350
		504	490	423	393	513	485	429	393	505	436	422	354
ʡ
	ɽ	580	607	535	559	568	589	 	 	552	524	 	 
	*	453	453	422	422	562	562	516	516	575	575	532	532
	㽭	543	556	509	530	560	573	490	495	541	508	500	459
		539	551	498	506	553	559	513	513	557	501	520	457
		524	555	488	501	527	555	504	525	516	502	489	468
		541	568	505	526	538	562	498	506	530	512	478	462
ע*2001õǡ3+1 
Դ 
 2001200441Ѻ: 
http://learning.sohu.com/2004/04/01/40article219704086.shtml 

20022004421Ѻ: 
http://learning.sohu.com/2004/04/21/26/article219912605.shtml 

20032003624Ѻ 
http://learning.sohu.com/61/19/article210391961.shtml. 

ӦȷʵС3+XĿĸʡĸ߿Ծ
ȫͬҸʡڸ߿յĿϱ׼ͬʹǲȫͳ
һԾ߿ҲȫֵǴͬС죬߿
ǻɱȵġӱпԿʡʡĸ߿¼ȡ
ʮ֣ϰٷ֡ٷ֡磬2001߿¼ȡĿص
ߵɽ580֣͵440ָ߳140֣صߵɽ607֣
͵ຣ400ָ߳207֡Ŀߵɽ535֣͵
350ָ߳185֣ߵɽ559֣͵300ָ߳
259֡2002߿¼ȡĿصߵɽ568֣͵ຣ445
֣123֣صߵɽ589֣͵ຣ378֣211֡
2003߿¼ȡص߷־Ϊ575֣ͷ־Ϊຣ
426֣338ֱ֣߳149ֺ237֡߷־Ϊ
532֣ͷ־ΪຣĿ355֣276ֱ֣߳177ֺ256֡

һʡصʡȽϵ
2001ʡĿصͷΪ440֣ʡĿ
ĺ488֣48֣ʡصͷΪຣ400֣ʡ
͵ĺ501֣101֡2002ʡĿصͷ
Ϊຣ445֣ʡĿΪ㽭490֣45֣ʡ
صͷΪຣ378֣ʡͷΪ㽭495֣
117֡2003ʡĿصͷΪຣ426֣ʡ
ĿͷΪ478֣52֣ʡصͷΪຣ338֣
ʡͷΪ457֣119֡ 

ͨݷԿʡʡĸ߿¼ȡ
ھ޴졣ɽϡ㽭ϡȽʡϲ
ƵĿʡȴصѧ޴¼ȡĴڣΪ
߿ʡǨƵľ޴űУ߿񡱵ݴ
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вʾÿꡰ߿ƣ׼ȷ˭Ҳ޷˵
ÿ궼ǡ߿񡱵磬20046¸߿ɼ
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˱ȽӦϷ˱ȽӦϷʡ
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ƽָͨظ֮俼죬
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ƾʱð֮Գ֣׻ƽ
ؿƾ¼ȡϲһµĽδ𣬹̶ơȡʿƺͷʡȡ
ʿƵʵʩʹ˹̶ȡʹýĿ
ԶˡðĲðΪء
ֹ̨һΪ֤
ƾٿԵĹƽԣһ棬ҪҪάͳߵĵλ
Ž͹ҵİ 

ͳεҪԡð¼ϲ죬뷡
Υְƾٹ١Թʡ[15] ꣨1575꣩
꣺ʡſƹжеȼͽ˲Ź٣
թðᣬͶѧйд洦濼óʸ
ɻ棬Աͬߣһա[16] ðӦԲΥ
ҼðαƻƶȵĹԣһʽ񣬶Ҫ
ԭ 

ԡðΪֹġ Ĺ涨ͯӦ
ʱ˱ͯͬ⣬бصһ߱ᡣ
ĳ˱֤סǹ桢ûɥ⣬֡
ߣΩޱʡ[17]ν翼ߡΪðߡ 

Ϊ˽ͳһӺԡðԽֹЩҪ뼮֮ˣ
涨롰ԷĹΪϡһ뼮֮󣬲׼ԭӦ[18] Ǭ
¡Ԫ꣨1736꣩¡ϵʷлΪͣʡ뼮Ӧ
ۡأơ󡢴˲䣬ðһˣһˣ
ʡ෽ֲð֮ϡ֮ݡδ
֮˾ȮӴ³ڱʡˣԹ١
ڹٱΪߣʡͨʶ֮֡ǱУض෽ɿ
¡˵ȵطزðಢ뼮ز뼮ԣ
ԢݾӣȻ߾԰Ҳ[19] ðأʹ
ķҲܵӰ졣Ǭ¡ʮ꣨1760꣩¡ѧΪ
ϳð취ۡأð֮أķδʢ͵ȡʿ
̿ɽĥðռݣȡΪѣķվǷϣڦ
Ϣ[20]ʮ꣨1846ֹ꣩涨úÿ硢ݣ
ٹ࣬㲻׼ļ[21] ǣð֮ѾãرЩ
Ѿڵ仧ˣԴ״ֻһ̶ȵĳϣ뼮
ʮ[22] 

ԡðĽԲһǸݻ䱨һ
СðΪԵ˼Աгʹڿƾʱûһָ
˲ѡηʽܹƾ١ΪάƾٿԵƽȷͳ
ͳελ֤ҵİŽᣬֻܲȡǿԵֶֹð
¼ķȻֻҪ֮ĻˮƽĲࡢʵ򶨶¼ȡ
ƶȣðͲȫž 

߿ԭ򼰽Բ 

ڿԹƽƽ֮䣬й1300ĿƾݱʷǣԽ
ԽǴӿԹƽڸƽΪʲôֽȫ
У¼ȡʱʡҪ¼ȡͬķߡ[23] 

Ÿʡ֮߿¼ȡ߲֣ʡж
¼ȡߵİ취ԽԽܵ۵Ĺע۵˫
ԴǼңеҪʹ۴Ӽ侲ӸԣóϹ
ʿ͹۵ʶҪҷſӽ硣¼ȡƽŵʷĳȥ죬
֪ڿԹƽƽ֮䳤ڴѡ񣬲һȫ
İ취ǲҪĽֻ֮ڿԹƽƽ֮
ȡƽ⣬ҳһԺİ취Ǳʷʵ
۷ѧ߲ο 

Ŀǰҹ߿ƶµġ߿ƾʱġðż
ԡ߿֮Բԭҹ߿ƶбķ
Ͳͬ¼ȡʣҲ뵱ǰҹĻƶйء˿ڹҪ
1958꿪ʼʵϸĻƶȣ˿ڻڲͬʡС
ѧְҵͳͳ뻧ڹҹӶĳ򻧼
ڵزֵͬġڼ󡣶ҹܽȨ뻧ڽ
ϵһġ[24] ҹʡĻɶĳ̶ֳ
ϱ˿ͨȡܸߵȽĻᡣ 

û©ȥȡܸߵȽǿ
ߵĿӣյѧУڡ˽ҲһƲ
ɫ󲿷Ϊ߿һΥͶΪΥ˹ҵĻ
ߣƻ˹ҶԽԴáȻҲӦһ൱
һ֡߿ǰǨڴ˹Ҳ
ߵĿӣڶؿġҪҲõ˽յѧУйز
ŵĬеѧУרŵʡ⡰߿񡱣Ϊ
ϺԴѧУѧʺ֪ȣȡ룬
Գۻѹķȡ߿񡱵Ĵӿ룬ѧУҲѴ̡ 

ͨϷֶθı仧ѧġ߿񡱾Υ˹ߣȴ
Էֶηӳг£Ҫܺ
ҪҸһȡһԴȻҲױѡܹ
ͨСĴϸϺõĴѧȻһѡ[25] ˣǶԡ
жϾһ򵥵Ƿжϡ 

ѧĳͻΪϲͬȺ壬ΪϡȱԴ
໥ͻͬȺвͬļֵͬһ
ͬȻ෴жϡ[26] ΧĳԱм
ߣҲĻߡܺ޳Ϊһ⣬ϣõ
ĴڡڸϣĽ
һû⣬һֵͻԴ໥Ĺ̡
֮ԳΪһ⣬ԭڲͬȺڸԵ
˲ͬķӦϿ߿ֻӳˡбķߡ
򵥵ʵʵϣӳǲͬĽȺ弰ϵĳ
ͻҪԡ߿񡱽֣̽̽ڵıʼչ
зӳ⡣ 

߿ĳ֣и߿¼ȡƶȱԭһЩ
ԶʷáĻȶ෽ԭ򣬽ˮƽͺ
ˣҲų̨һϵĸߣĿľΪ˺Դ
ȫãԱչ˽ˮƽѧҲܹܸߵȽҹ
߿ƶʵзʡ¼ȡģʽɾĽǶ뿼ԵĹƽԭ
ĳЩì֮ӵѧѧϰԣٽĽˮƽ
ԼάлͳһǶ֮ʡ߿ƻ
߿ʡ¼ȡġϷ򡱣ŲͬĿ
Ȼ߿񡱴Ŀǰʡ߿ԭеƽ״̬ƻ˸ߵȽԴ
ø֣ԡ߿һŷ񶨣ӦԶԴߴߣ
ˮʹ߿ĳ̶ֳҲ׷ƽԸ߿
񡱵ĻҲǴڵġ߿񡱵Ĵڿ͹ϻѹ
ԴʱӴԱԶĽͶ룬ͬʱҲٽ߿ƶȵĸĸ
ȻⲢ˵һҪ֧֡߿񡱣Ҫ϶߿񡱵Ļ
ءֻǲȷս⡣ 

ĿǰǶԡ߿ʵзߡ粻ֹǿԵķ
ȡһʱ֮Чȴǳ֮ơң⣬һ
ߵƶӦöһЩȫġĿǣܹ˴ʧ
ˡǰؼⲻι̺ͼǿ߿ĵطб
оμӴԱԶͶ룬ӿѱԶĽˮƽ
ȫʡһ»Ͻӽĳ̶ȣȫ桢ٵ߱ԶСѧ
[27]ʡ֮ĸ߿߲Ų˴Ĳࡣ 

ڷǰƽȡͳһ¼ȡ߱ܶΪĹƽڡ
ǣǲûп⹫ƽĺ塣ڲͬѧ
ļͳһĹƽΪڴ֮ǰǵѾƽȡ˵
Զѧڸ߿ǰѾ˲ƽĴôڸ߿ʱܹ
ƽܽȨһֲȡԸ߿ȺбӦ
ƽʵϣԵĹƽǲڵġ 

ֹȫͳһ߿ĺ˷ȡȫͳһ߿ʡ
¼ȡƶȣ߿ȷʧǴҹĿǰ
ֹȫͳһ߿ƶȻҹĹ顣ʿԸ߿
Ҳòϣ߿Ŀǰйƽѡƶȡ
ΪṩһԼŬıԼ˵ƽ̨Լڷܽ
Ļᡣˣֽ׶Σҹĸ߿ƶȻȫʡͳһ
Ϊͬʱַʡ¼ȡƶȡ 

߿ĶԲ߱ʵľƶҹĸ
ƶȺͻƶȵȲشı£ֻǣһӴ
ĽͶ루˲ͶͶ룩߽ˮƽ
϶Ŀʵʵбߣ
߿ż涨ڵؽϳľס޵ȣϰѱصȡǣ
Щܳ׽߿⡣Ҫ׽߿
Ҫͳһȫ߿¼ȡߡУȫȨߵȽ
ԴȫĲֺҹȻ֮ϡ 

֮ûоԹƽ飬֮߸ܸ˽
бۺϸغԹƽľ񡣡
ȨȡأȨȡᡱ߿ʵзʡ¼ȡˣ¡߿
Ҳһʷ׶ԺѡйһԱ
ڶࡢ޴Ĺңʡ֮Ļˮƽ໹᳤ڴڣ
߿ⲢһһϦܹ׽Ҫһ̡Ӧ
˽һ⣬ʮĽֻ֮ܽ
Խ 

οף 
[1] .أڵƽĸ߿ݵء[N]й걨2004628ա 
[2]½¡߿񡱡[EB/OL] 
йhttp://www.cnradio.com/folk/mzdt/200312250053.html20031225ա 
[3]״ԪΪ߿񡱱ȡ¼ȡʸ[N]й걨20030731ա 
[4]ط¸߿[N]й20040628ա 
[5] ֣.Թƽƽ߿¼ȡеѡ[J]ߵȽо20016 
[6] [] 缧.δƾٽʵʩ䡷[J]㽭ѧ20003 
[7]оʫ?ϸ 
[8] ͢.ʥʣʵʵ¼250лӰӡ1985ꡣ 
[9] [16] .ƾٿԵĽӽǡ[M]磬1996꣬264ҳ 
[10] Ping-ti HoThe Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social 
Mobility (1368-1911). New York: Columbia University Press, 1962 
[11] 塢ׯˮ.ʷ[M]磬1996꣬177-179ҳ 
[12] [13] [19] [20] йһʷ.Ǭʱڿƾðʷϡ[J]ʷ
20004 
[14]ѲѫΪöݼļӦ³ۡйһʷ.
Ǭʱڿƾðʷϡ[J]ʷ20004 
[15]䡷78ѧУ 
[17] .೮?ࡷͯл֣1986ꡣ 
[18] .ʡȡʿơ[J]ʷ֣20023 
[21]ն340??Ͻ 
[22]¼2 
[23] .ƾȡеϱ֮[J]йʷ۴ԣ19971 
[24] ־.߿[J]о20034 
[25] ߿й߿ƶȡ[N]Ϸĩ200366ա 
[26] ־.оĶάӽǡ[J]ͷѧѧư棩
20036 
[27] .˼ĸ߿[J]չ20026 

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