                      ˿µϣ20050214գ

05.02.13ûи
05.02.14, ֡2004йƽ״Ƥ顷
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2004йƽ״Ƥ 

֣Ͼѧѧϵ 

һǰԣƽ᲻ƽ 

ԡйϡ衱Ĺйľа
ݵĹԽԽԡõıǣΪÿһԱԷչĶ
ǰᡣ״£ΪѰʵԱƽȵķչȨ
ٽյƽȣ̶ʵֽƽӦóΪܲŵѡĿ
꣬ҲӦѭĵ 

ǣľʵѧойĽžõʱ
ĲƽҲһšҲƫԶͲƫԶũġﻧѧУ
¶ѧУԪġִСѧǽɢı
ѹġӵѧУּ˶ʵͼչֵĽƽ״
ЩδľĹ߷ŭҲζţھúĲƽȼĹ
УûзСֲƽȵãΪĲƽȶΪ
ᾭòƽȵĶơȻߡŭڿ͹ʶƽȵʵ
״ĵǣһЩ޷ڸǺͷͳݺ͵оϣϵ
ͳйƽȵƶȸԴʵԼչᡣ˵ĲƽȰ
ԴõĲƽȣ׶ܽѧĲƽȣԼôĲ
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ƽȵĸԴƶȰԴ 

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йƶȵȱĶԪָԡһ˫صĶԪƶȡ
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ʵǣ޵ĽųѧУ͸ѧУеġص㡱б
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ʷƸԴڼƻƵ߼ʹ͡ϳսԡʵѹ£ɵ
Դȷȫ˿ڽͬĽũͶҪũ
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ȱٶԾ˺ȺȨغͱʶضʷ׶ΣԪƶȵĲ
ǲ⣬ȷʵձˡǣȨʶ70ĩġĸ￪
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Ԯ塱ڼͶֻ39Ԫ2001Ժ4䣬ⲿʽȻ
300ԪռܾѵıȻ΢΢뼶ʽķ
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ԪĿ֧侭ȥ130ԪתڽһصѧȴԵõ1000
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˵ˣصбѧУʵǵŮͶѧУЩԴ
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Ļһ135.6Ԫң˱Ϻ㽭֮27ʡ
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ݡ 

ȫ˴ίḱίԱ·2003910աףʦڼʦ
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3н׶νĳ 

׶δڵĳ࣬˸н׶νһ󡣴ӳбҵ
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31ʡУ೬3ʡ1545˿ڴʡɽ
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ְҵײĲԡũŮ빤ˡɲҵԱרҵ
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ԴšӢеľӢı廪˾̾1999ΪУյ
5080ũѧֻ902ˣΪ17.8%ͬũ˿ռȫ˿ڵĽ70%
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һķǿײŮڸУеġרҵռƸ
ԣũرũŮڡרҵ人ѧ8У11
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һԺĳѧԺ2000ѧ¼ȡķʾ4ѧ16רҵУũ
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Ĳƽȿ϶йȶŬ𵽻áϣƽȵܺ
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ʧǣĲƽȺɴĽţ벻ƽȵһ
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ԡЧʡ͡ʾΪӣԵġͲ˵ġôΪ
ؾߺִǵҪȻͻΪƶø
ĳЩʡȻũȡũġѸӡת֧ԮУ
衱ɼһߡ 

ȷʵɵģйزƽȻ᳤ڳпʵ
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ף֧߲֡ΰ롣֧֮У¡

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ʵʵУеʵʵ

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һָΣԵšţ֮ĳЩ˶
ԡԿѧšΨ(rationalism)Ψѧ(scientism)
ѧΪжһı׼ϺԡѧߣһԾܾ
18ĩ19ͳһʱйҲԴԶ20ͳ
νѧȹ20С˶ʤ족Ŀںźʵ죬ӡ
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䳵ƺĹߴϿ֣һװûм
£䳵ƺ룬ʵڼš˵
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ʵŤԶ׼ϡȱģ
ȨԼȱලƶȿ£òƹƽ䷽ʽ
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˽»ü롣ʵǱ۵ģȴ뾭֮
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ѡڶַ䷽ʽ룬
ڹ档Ҳǹ㶫ʡĵطȷķÿ
ȫ·ͨ¹϶ƽķΪյĽ
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ѿѧɹ



ʿԪڵıУŮʿѧһ
⡱ǿѧĹʡ

ʵʣѧйʱǱģζ
֪ʶ뼼գɹʹշ򻹵ÿЩζ֮ߡٶ
ʵ֤ǡǡйٳٲִһԭιûпѧ
ͷԲУٸʲô벿ˡǿʼ˸ĸ￪ŵ¾棬
ѧᵽιԵĸ߶ȣҲʼ˳ЧЩ˵ζ
ĸ￪гֵһЩǡǡڲѧͲؿѧ⣬
ѧһʱ˹ĴʲôѧҪ򣬾ǿ
ѧҪЩܡ˼άӰ졢ĵʿָӡŮʿӦ
˵һĻԿʲôǿѧ

еѧϲ˵ĻΪݣҲһζ˸߶˵
߶۾кˣŶλܳľ
ĴɡԿѧΪǰ˵ľϵ
ڵ֮ϣ˵

𾴵Ĺǣ

˵᱾ܷ棬Ҳ֪ʲôͿѧгЧ
ĳǫĽǶȳҴ¿һĴҸ˵ܿѧ
˵ĹоλȫĵģʮԾġΪһ
飬ڴڡ˲Ϣ䣬
һЩԭٴɵĵλָԺܴӰ
Ľ׼ƫǺܲ˼ġ
ܿѧھȷ۲Ч׳ɳ߼Ϊָ
ӰԼȫɵġܿѧľȫ
ǹľȨ̸۶¹
ǴȴֻͳһġȫġĿѧֿѧ
ǵ˼·˼ܵĴţΪǽʾı֮գҲ
ǿѧָͨͳһɺĵ·

ҿ˵Ĺˣٶ˵߶˵Щ191745¼䣬
ȺڴϽġڲʲάȨԺ

⣬14ǰдһƪѧ--װҲԱ
ȤģԷؼȥ

2005/01/29ڱ

ѧ--װ --Կմʶ

ԭ1991122ճġմ19911

˶µĽѵ

ѧƶãȽʶѧѧ
ھϴĺôäҲüġ

ǣѧķչԾӰ죬ôΪʶ
ˡѻƬս󣬡ѧΪ壬ѧΪáĹ۵㣬йãһ
ЩڵʱƵǱȽϿ֪ʶӣҲţ֤

νѧʱҪָǿѧ1896ġѧĿ
гڴǰĳ鼮353֣253ǿƼ飬ر
йصĿƼࡣʱۣ֮Ϊйһнʤˣ߱
ѡ1

˼ָ£6090йһ조񡱵
ȳν񣬰豸ͽԼǿӵʵ
ԼɽִͨʵȵȾٰʽҵĻ
Ϊְ취Ϳʹйǿʢ⽨˼Ļϵ
ƶԭⲻرͳελ

ܵʱйѿʼܵ۹ӶᣬվǴԽ϶
ۺѧϰĿѧЩձ𲽻Щǽ
ʮ꣬ʹձˡ1868꼴ձʼλĵڶ꣬ȫձ˰
ܶռ200ң 1872йͬλʵ۴飬һξȥ500
йľѿ֧Ϊ޴1881겢ûдսҲȥ3800
˺ķ֮࣬ʱйͶ뽨ʽԽձΪࡣ10佨
ɵı7еĽ֣1868껹һ룬ڶ
ѡһ600ִֵ5֮2800ֵսҲˡ

ڸβ1866꿪ʼｨĸݴ1907ۼƺ1900
1869꣬ڴɵĵһִˮ1880꣬ǧϵս9ҡ

ռսǰй촬ǳձġձΨһĺ촬
촬1871һڹ̣ͬС10ңܼ
Ϊ740֣1878897ֵڽ

ǣûеȵսֵĴ򾭷Ѳ촬ˡ
ݴҲԷ穲ţѷߡͬ衣
1907꣬ɴȷֹͣ촬ҵ񡣣2

ڸҵĽϣйȴܿձĺ棬ֵøΪ


189011£֮ںֿ˽18945³
赽18964£ۼƺѴ500Ҳ314ֵ
ǵʱĸҵ

ձڼսõй£ʼ1897˽͸ҵ
1901Ȼʷѧҵ֮֮ȫ
Ӫɴұ֮Ƽ֮úĹ̰죬ƺұƼ˾ģ골
Ʒϧɱ̫أԲƾӪծ򣬽ɰڣ
ձ֮öѡ3

ΪʲôĽ?ҳԭΪои
һձ˵ʱѶãѧһĻӦѿѧΪһ
ּջѧҲǡζν֮еġɲ֡
ʶ֪֮ͨѧ(ѧĻ)ˮ֮Ҳ
ȡ˴ֵͨʵʴʩȫ֮ʶȫĿѧ
1897꿵ΪġձĿ־пҵ֤ݣĿпȻ
ѧΪСѧΣնҲ˲١棬Ŀп
Сѧ̲9֣ͨ׶11 ֣ƷСѧ̲ĸ19֮ࡣ
ʱйʽѧУձÿѧԼ˼ӿ֮
ųʱй֪ʶӻڿ徭˹ġ

1902꣬ͩѧʦ쾩ʦѧã֪ʼѧã
СѧҡδܴѧռӺ?Ϊ˶
ձȡձʿǵᣬԭձҲǡר
֮ѧͯ˾꣬ʼΪߵأƳ顱
򣬡һģѧ̩֮ѧǸеĿѧǹ
δģع֮֮ͨУ˽
Ҳǲ޳ɡѧᷨΪѧýϰ֮֮ѧҲ
ͬʱָѧǡͷδУδ֮ע֮ʹ룬Է
¡4

ĹؼͬǿĻ֮磬ձ˸ңӵ
ʱӿѧӿѧռŬѧĻй
ڡǰסѧΪ塱ţӿѧΪĩ̸ȥ
֮£йתΪıȻġ

Ҫѧھе 

ѧԸ˵ѧչġֱӵ
Ч濴Ū徿̫ΧŵתǵΧ̫תƺûʲôϵ
ûи˵ʷŷҲкĲҵ;
١

ѧĳһ˼ţ֤ϻŶ˵
ʶ֮Ŀ͹۹ɣ̻ʲֹ̫ܽӵĴڣԸָ߲¹Ϊ
Ҫٻڶ쿪ţҲֻůѧɰ²ʵ֡
ǿԱʶģֻҪѭ͹۹ɰ£Լˡ

ˣѧԺ˵˼룬йĴҲˣ
䷨ʷάɣֲΪ֤Ӧ
䷨άµۻάɻ״ʵ˽ѧռԿѧΪ
ζ˼ǡ

ӿѧرǻӿѧռάɲͬɺҪһ
档ά˶ķ߿Ϊйʹˡѧһʡ

1897 ꣬Ϊ׫ɡձĿ־ھѧռ
ѧšľ忥ѧ֮ԭ5ݣ꼴䷨֮꣬
Ϊ۵ġϰ˹ʿòۡУʹð˹ȡ
ʿʹʱ֪ʶӡ֪ʶ޲ãä类񡣽Ӧ
Щ֪ʶӡ¿ѧա6ݣ˴ġѧ롰ա
űȣнѧ鱻ѧţ˵Ϊ״йʹõĿѧһ
ϵָȻѧڴǰõǡ¡

Ϊά˶м̷ͬȶؿѧΪ
ѧʡıԭŴ˰ѧ

̷ͬѧ署۽ѧйѧʱ˵ѧʣ
˴Ӻδ?Ҳ֮У֪Ϊ죬غΪ
ءΪ֮֮ν?7

ΪڡձĿ־УǹڣӪƣ
֮ձָ粻ץסڲǸ˵
ӳ˵һ֮ӣһ²֮΢ӣ
ͿԿ֮ǣǴİ취8

ȶʿײеͷȴ˵Ҫ壬
ͨ׵ʽʽǵźռѧ޳ɣ
УΪѵá

Ϊͼгʷ˹ʢ˹ɲС˵?
֣˯ʥǡС˵ͨ׵ʽӣ
뵽ӦȥãԼţͳˡϴ´
ˡ涯дˡйδǡνйһԤʾ
δĿѧС˵˷ƻҷɵġʮСܡͷ
ѧҸĿƻС˵ĩռǡ߷ӳ˵ʱԵݻ
ܴﵽʶǾռѧĻ¡

ʱ֧ά˶ʿһЩȻѧΪҪݵı
ۺԱϿٿרٰսݣĵ֪ʶô
ʵԶ۲һǿգ̷ͬҲ̨˵

1898 ϺĿ־±ĿΪά֮
־ı쿪״йͨԴߣ©׷޾գ
ѧѧãʵĩ᱾?ڸ¡ע⵽
ӦѿѧΪĳʵļԴӦѧʵĸѧϰ
9زۣջҲһʱܴ졣

˼ƺвУվҲͷҪ
˼룬ά̷ͬӵʧˣ䷨άµ
˼йӷչֱɽӿ̷ɽ
ӿѧõµľ

ΪȻ͵ضڱ仯֤Ҳܲ䡣1895μӿ
ٿʱڿϷˡͨͨۡľӣ
ƺUxǳ޿̲䣬Ī졣öߣΪ
ҲأҲȻ׺Գƽ½Ϊɽˮԣ
ĪءؾöߣΪܱҲأҲܾã
˺?䣬ɵա10

1898꣬Ϊڽ˹󲨵ñǡʹʵʱˡ
ɽ𣬲׺ЩȻ仯ʵ˵֮ر䡣11ݪ

̷ͬ뿵ΪͬĹ۵㣬ҲȻѧ֪ʶ
֤ڵʱЩ˼룬ŬѧϰѧĽ

ڷġѧ鼮30۳1.2
ᣬΪѼԶߴ3000ᣬΪþķ֮һǿ 
12ݡо˸ġ˵ţٵѧ1886д
һѧ顶콲13

18ʱ·Ϻֵ飬ϲʱ
򣬺ض뱾Ҳ࣬дˡѧ鷨
ٿƼۣޡʯʶ𡷼ѧΪ֮飬ѧǳ͡
ͨѧΪѧϰѧض֮顣14

1896 ̷꣬ͬҲ·ϺʱڷҸżۼ˹
ﻯʯ걾ѧϰѧĽȸСŷ˵Щʯ
걾£һ˲Ҳ֮棬Ѹκ
Ϊеã˼ͽ?15Ȼѧ˼ϵӰ죬ʮ
1898ںϵѧὲʱȷ˽ΧȻѧʵı
ԭ

ʱƼ飬ڷչ롶ʯʶ𡷡ѧǳ͡
Ϊ˿󡣵ȴ˼áѧĻȱٵ³
֣˵ľӰ죬ִΪй֪ʶ
ʶйĻעѧĻ˶һĿꣻԺʶ֮ʿ
ᳫ

Ԫڡʮй֮ĻһָĻŵڡ
ԿѧΪĸĸ죬Ĵ޲
ѧĽĻͰˣҪչĻȲɲڿ
ѧķչرע!16

1815 9¡꡷(ʱС־)ʱ¶ڡ꡷
ӦԿѧȨء1719204£ڡĻ˶
ʲôһУϸ˿ѧĻеĵλãҪȥ
ǰĴ󣬲ӦᳫȻѧо˵һѧ(Ҳ
)Ӧؿѧûڵ롢˵18

ҲǷڿѧģ޳ڿѧĻϽۡΪտ
ѧ׫дġѧһУ̸ѧΪδйΪ
١ΪйʿûоȻķûʵѧķ
С֪룬ղʵСղܽѧ
16ݺʵĻҲе֣ΪйʷҲֹʱ䡢ϼͣ
ΪйͳĻ壬ȷʵںָĲ

ѧ˵ľܲãǲɵ͹ġ̷ͬΪ䷨
ԺᵶЦ壬˼еõ˿ѧע³ɷء
ѧѧѧ֪ʶʹɳ֮ǽ磬
˹֮һСԵ࣬ǰ٣
٣䳤֮һʮֺ̡
Ϊ֮ҲͲżȻˡ20

ѧֹһ˼Ҫ˼ã
ռΪֻйȺڵͷﶼ˿ѧγɾ޴ı
רԴﵽģĶխӰޣдɿ
ʽȥռЧͲһˡ

ĵġԴ˲࣬˵ȽͨףľĲ
롶ۡ˾Ͷˡﾺ桱һй
֪ʶӣⱾЧ

ˣҵĴشҲشҲǻعʷ
ʱȻﵽĽ֮һ

ο

1֣֣״йѧҪ1933Ϻӡݣҳ166-171

2ݵ֮ϣлǧʷ1983лֱһ棬塤Уڶ
ֲᣬҳ592

3ͬϣҳ 631

4 δ¼1902ձʡ(ľԴ)

5ݿΪձĿ־1897Ϻ֣ͬҳ1

6ݿΪʫѡ1983㶫磬ҳ554

7̷ͬȫ˼б࣬1981л֣ҳ399

8ͬ5ݣ

9쿪ף±Ե1898±һ

10ݿΪۣͨͨ1990Ϻż硶Ϊȫ
ڶҳ161162

11ݿΪʶ˹˵򣬾1898Ϻͬ֡Ϻ
ǡ

12֣Ϊ󴫣1988磬ҳ40 (תŲ
ľʼĩǡ)

13ͬϣҳ41

14ѧ鷨¬Ͽʼի顷

15ͬ7ݣҳ458

16תԸƽ壬Ԫۿѧ뼼1985ӱѧ磬ҳ6

17ݡ־11ڣ1915915

18ݡ꡷75ڣ192041

19ݡѧ111ڣ193411

20ͬ7ݣҳ373

(XYS20050214)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys1.dyndns.org)(xys.3322.org)

ܹ䡶һ㴴¡ļɡ˺존°ۡ

˺
(ձĻڴѧ,ձ  dengoita-pjc.ac.jp)

ժҪܹġһ㴴¡ļɣ˺존°ۡһ
, ƪԣҡɡĵд,ʽ,
Ƕĵķġ

ؼǡ ܹ;츴;ѩ;ȶ;

ܹǱʦѧڡȫйѧʷѧḱ᳤˵غ
ʷѧʷرͶоĴרҡĴȨΪҵһСд
ҵĹ۵Сɡ,һѧӵ˵Ӧ˵ǡܳ
¡ո෴һƪ,ҶԹȥһ
ЩĻ,ϵġɡĵд,ûһִҷȲ˵,ƪ
ԡǿ,д´˷ġ

һҺܹĸ˽

һƪѧ,̸ѧ̸ѧ,һ㲻˶Թ
ܹƫƫҪձѧ֮Ϊ,˵90
ȥձѧȨ,ıºƺСɽ
˼ʵ,ʮһֱѺܵĽԼ,Ϊ˳ͷԼ
˵ձĸ,ƭ˵˲,ƭ˲ŻءȻܹԼ
һʷ,һڼ,Ҳֻ,ڻظġɡ
֮ǰ,ҲعһҺܹļν,԰˽ܵΪˡ

ʮǰʶܹ,һ,ÿζ̵ӡ

һ1991ꡣҵʱձݴѧѧйѧʷרҵĲʿ
, 괺,˵ǱʦѧѧϵλʦҪݴѧʽѧ, 
ҵĵʦҪǼѧǵݽ롣λʦ,һ
λǵʱʦѧϵٿ,һλܹˡ

֮ǰٿ,Ϊһ,ǰһȥʦ󡣺
ûм,񽻡ڡɡĿͷᵽ,̨ͨѧ
СҪһ,ΪҺСҪãСʲôҪд
ܹ,Ҿ˳Ҫ¡

ʱܲʲôȨֻǱʦѧϵһͨйѧʷ
,ȥʵ,Ϊ̬رǫʦݵĸɱѧ,
ҸܹġʼΪѾСҪʲôѧ,ԤҪ
Ľ塣Ҫ,һҸһ:дʲô!м
ôձ˷?Ʃ,()йѧоһʼΪˡط
ӺͱеĻ⡱;Ʃ磬ҵйѧʷоһҪ,
ġ֪Ϊġ֪ʶһµ,һǧ,
˵й˼Ǻ̵!һЩֵֹ,Ʃ˷
йѧ,ΪйԺ˾ͺ,ơҵʱ,
նҪǧܵձ?ڶ֮ܽǰ,ͷ,Ҿ͸
,ȡЩݷݡڵһȡ,ΰ
ȴˡһλձѧĶ˵,йר,ֻὲ
Щ?Ҳֻ̯̯֡

˵ܵġɡʷ,ﻹһȤСܶ˻ع,
Ҫдһƪ,ձݵйѧʷоĴͳ,дһ
ƪձݵйѧо:ͳ״,Ƽ,ȫĿ
19919µġѧϡҲдһ,˵һλձ
ѧʷרдһƪ,Ƽйĳһ־,ʾ˫
ɹձѧڡѧʷרɴд
һƪ½֡˼ͣۻӣݡģҷúֱӼĸܱ
ˡԺ,ͻȻдһŸ,һ,һƪԼдĲ
ĵȶ£еһͿҪ˵е½ֺ
˼ϵĹ۵㡰û֤ݡ,Ƕǡ֮ࡣõȥ
,ùǺ,˵˺,ܹд,˵ԸƼ
Ļ,еһֲ;˵едĲõĻ,ƪ¾ͲҪ
Ƽˡ,еĲŵڡѧ19922,
˴ӡϡйѧʷתء

ڶμ19944¡һ꣬ձѧҸԸ
˺,ҪڸٿһǴͳĻʻ顱,׼ȫ
ѧоרҲμ,շȫáݴѧйѧʷоΪ
,Ϊ鳤ʱܹҲֻһ,Ȼд
С,ǡѧߡ,û׼֪ʲôط֪
һϢ֮,дһŸȻ,ֱ˵˵,ܹ
μλĻ,ǵʦ;ݴѧĽϵ,ҹƴ
ǻͬҪġⲻ֪Ҷ,ȻҸ,˵
˺ҵҪعҹĻ,ǱʦѧԿǽ,ơ
ҵ,ͷ,˺,ҵҪعҪȥĻȥȥʦѧ
仰Ҹͷת,ΪҵʱʿĻûдãҹȥĻ
û˵Űŵݽ,˵ԸȥĻ,͸
һ,Ϊܵʵ˼ձμλ顣ҵʱ,
ܹѧߡ,롣һ,ѧ߳
,β˳ˮ,Ƕ˵,ͷһɡ
1994ձѧ֮С

ʱйġѧߡһʮ,ġٽ¥ҡ
Զ͡͡ӡ,Ǽѧǵ
롣ÿܹ䵥һʱ,Ҫʼ̾50ˡ
ɹڱʦʦࡢд˺ü鼸ʮƪģǸڣ˵Ϊ
ϵٿһֱѹơ˵,λȥͺ,ʦУ
̸ҪΪڡҪϵΡ˺,£ȻȥҵȨԺ
ϸ졣ЩٶͻŪҹܵġ

ʱһСڸ,Ժıڳ
ʱйԺʷо˼оεĻԼʱ
ԺѧоѧоԶ͵ǰ,˵ҸԺƼ
һ˲,˺רҵΪǶŵģ˲ԺӦ
ȥһϯԱߵĶάЦˡԺ,ҰЩ
,˵ɣȰѲʿĽ,ٵȥ
,Ը˵,ʵʿѧλĻ,˵Ѿûˡ

19947,ĵȥҹȥˡΪ˱ʾ,ѷ˴
ˡҷձݴѧũѧʿ,ձԤоĿоԱ
Ŵо,ʱũҵѧʿȥԺ,ֺ
ܹϵ,ȥһ˱ʦǵμ棬ѾԸԳϵ
κͽ,˵ĿѾʼ仯ʱ̸Ľ,˵ҿԽѧϵ
Ұ˽ϵϵһŮϵ,̸ñȽǢ4
˻һȥ´,̶ѧϵǣͷ,ǻձȥ
8µһصձ,9Ĵ˳ͨ,ܹ䷽ȴһֱûлֱ
12,Ұձ̽,·,רȥһ˱ʦݼ,Ҳ
ֻ˵ٵһ°ɡһȡպʮꡣʽܹ
㻹ǵú͵˺нĻ,ðʮǰӦøҵġ𸴡
һ,һڡΪƪɡлڼƭ,
һһ㣬Ȼ˵ΪǷڱʦҺù!

˳˵һ,һε˺조顱ڱҹƭ,Լ
ձҵ,дһƪձѧʦĻ,ڹ
ԺȰġ¿19996º,ֻǰܵдSѧXʦ,
߿һġ

,󵨼,С֤

ʮ,йչһڸ򳹵۹
ġĴˡ,˼СʵĴģ˼˶
ⳡ,仰á,ųꡱһǡʷǿ
˴Ůӡ,һǡ󵨼裬С֤ˡͨⳡ˶,
γһֹͨĴз,ںε˶Բˬ,ڻʮ
ЧǣҪ˭һƪ,һñ,˵ǡ
裬С֤Ķ,ô˻Ʒ͵ǲʵĶ,
ˡ

ܹ䲻ǡĸеĴѧ,һ״ַĵ,
ڡժҪҵġ°ۡдǡ󵨼裬С
֤,ҵǽڡ,С
֤ĻϵġѾչΪ,Щ֮Ǽ:
ƭСרҵáĪûо
漰족롰()ʵȵȡµһڣֱǶҽ
еһ,ڡø֡ˡ

Ĺ,ұȫԲġҪĻ,õ
е:³Ѹ˵,Ϳžս,ӡ

ȻҲԷ,ܹ俴ߵ,ѵǡ񡱵
Ķ?̫߹Լ˰ɡ

˵ҵķǡ,С֤,ȫ,ΪһֱΪ
һֿѧоûʹķ,Ż̾
ѧʷ̳ϵġӢۡɡʵڵйѧ, Ѿû
˵˵ʷǿ˴Ůӡ仰;Ҳûȥ
󵨼裬С֤仰ˡ֮Ҿ,˵ǡ,С֤
ȫһ̧١ڶʲôʱ,ǵйѧʷѧĸ᳤˼뻹
ͣʮء

ڡɡܹ仹ڳһȨӡܹǴȨ
Ȼ,ǰԳȨʸ,Ϊʶʱһ̬
ǳǫձǰССڡοѧϴûн
ĳ˿Ȩ,ΪдЩǲΪȻ,ڡ°ۡΪ
жԴġڡ°ۡ˵:

ĸ,һ(ָθ)Ӧõ,70ĩ80
,һЩʮ󡱻ѧ,о¶,
д۸߸󡱵,ΪӢۡ

ġѧߡȻ࣬ڿһλܹ
ʲ,ܵƪɡ,ֻǡԺѡ

ν˳֮,ǿЦܹǺѧ,ĸĵ
һо;Ҳĸĵһѧ(77),Ҳ֪ˡ
°ۡд򡱵ҵͬͬѧҲĸĵһо,
֪ˡͬȫйѧѧḱ᳤Ĺ人
ѧġѧܡ(78)ڿ˺֡!ҵѧоĸ
ͬʱ,ͬһ,ٲϵء

츴

⿴ܹġɡµĻ,ǻΪܹ츴к
,ΪװһԹߵӣΪ츴۴򱧲ƽо,
ˡ׽,ҲõĴˡ

оٵڡۡ츴۵һλʵǡ
ۡۡеһ޹ؽҪĽġҽܵҪݲǱ,
ܹ䱾дµһƪȶ츴۷䴫ϵ¡ֻ
дصһ,Ϊܹġȶ»ҩζŨ,¾Ƿв
԰,ǵ㵽ΪֹҲ,û뵽ܹȻطץҵġӡ

ҸղѾᵽ,ܹûձѧɴ¶Ҫ
ȶһ,ɼرϲˡȶ,ˡȶر̨
ձˡȶЩɡ80д츴(
ܵʱ츴Ѿȥ)Լ̨ѧߡȶ,Ʃ硰Ȼ
̨ѧ߶о(̳19845)Ҫ츴ۺ޹ⲻ
żȻͱȻϵ۵;żȻ̨ͬѧ޹⡢츴
ȶ(㽭ѧ19846)޹츴۲żȻۡ
ľƪΪ䴫Ͽ棭̨ѧ߶о(
ʡѧԺѧ1984)ˡ֪Ϊʲô,ҵ
ƪɡ,һֲһιٵġȶʷ,ץסҶ
˫۵һЩܽй,ƺҪҶ츴۵һƽƵġ

Ȼ, Ҫҡҷ,˵츴۽ƾ䡰λ
ۺ⡷ȫ顱ȫͷ񶨡顱ʼٸߵ,Ǳ,
ܹ䱾;˵츴ۡȱչ۹⡱ϡ顱صĿ
Ե,ܹԼƪ䴫Ͽ棭̨ѧ߶
оҪּ,츴ƾһЩͷϡ顱
;ָ츴۽ƾԡۺ⡱,ͷϡ顱ей
ļʷʵ,ܹ䱾ƪȶеҪ۵㡣ֻΪһ
ġȶر,˵ϣڽһιʱ,
оܹй츴۵;ˡû
ٳκµʷϡ츴۵ġλۺ⡷ȫ顱ȫ
еĿַ֤ܹһλġɡ,Լܹƪ
ɡΪҶ츴۵ı滤,ԼԼĶ⡣Ϊ
˵,һεܹԭġ

츴۶оҪȱչĹ۵㣬һʱԸ
˳,ТȻۻΪһ̸,Դ˷䱾صĿɿԡһ
Ǹ׳ʱй,бٶеĿԡ֮,
츴۰ꡢꡢ׳ꡢ꿴ȫͬһɲģ
еҪ⣬̻˼뷽һϵ൱Ĵ,
ĴǷ񶨷ʡ顷䱾Ŀɿԡһѧ
Ӱ졣,ȶӰ죬䱾(
Ͽ棭̨ѧ߶о,ظʡѧԺѧ
1984,46ҳ)

ܻԼһ⡣20ǰ,
ȶ츴۵ġӰ,ڶҵġɡ,Ȼ
»ƶӡŷ츴۵Ĺ۵㡣

ͬʱ,ƺ츴۵,ڡɡлװΪ츴۱滤,
˵ġۿʮҳ,̸顤дʮҳ֮,̨
ѧкܴӰ,˵ķϡ顱ľٶƺе
ı滤۷ǳ󡣰ȥ,дʮҳƷ顱ı
Ļ,ôдҳͿƷ顱?һЩ̨ѧӡ
츴۵Ĺ۵,Ϊ츴ȷɺ֤?

֪,ڶʮʷ,ɿӦǰʷ,ʷǡǰ顱
顱־Щʷ鶼һǧʷĿ,Ҫϡ
顱䱾ʷʵ,á¡Ĳ,Щ顢
ݲء֮࣬ǲܵ,ʷѧĻʶܹ
㶼Ҫ̴һ,֤Լˮƽж͡

˵ҵġ°ۡûµĲ϶óµĽ,Ϊ츴۱
һҲܻơҪϡ顱䱾, ó¡Ĳ,
ʷѧ⡣ҵġ°ۡûµĲ϶óµĽ,
ѧϵ˼⡣߸ܻΪһ̸ܹдļ,
ǶͳͳС¡?

,츴ͻ۵ķ

ܵġɡһ,ҷƲΪ츴ͻ۵ķ,Ҳ
,ȡ֣һݡ

Ϊ˵һ,һڡ䡱ùĵȫ
ĵ,ѩһλȫġ

ɴ˹֮, 顤䴫Եļ,ϴؽظ,
ɿϾ޼ˡڡ˼ʷ˵:
ʮ,ķֿˡеġۿһģĿ
ʹصӦеλá
ȻҪѹֽѧ߶Ĺְ,,ڡۿ,
߼ʧƽ,ѧ̬֮ʵ
(ѩ䡷,̨嶫ͼ鹫˾1991,31ҳ)

һλ,Կ:

1) ѧ̬֮ʵ,ָ츴ƪۿ
ǰġʵġѧһ, ˡ߼ʧƽѧ
Ƕһ¶,20ǰܹҲȶ

2)ѩͼҳ֡߼ʧƽԭ,ϡȻ
Ҫѹֽѧ߶ĹְķȻҪҷ
µġռǡġ¡Ҳǿ԰쵽ġ

Ц,ܹڡɡоȻһλԵͷ,һ,
ûѩġŹ,ǹ⡰ߡ?ܵ,
ʲôʲôʱ?ϸʮǲǽ,㲻?ǲ
?Ȼһѡ󵨡Сġ֮,ȫڡø֡ˡ
һ̨ѧѩ˵Ļ,?

3) ѩ˵ϡȻҪѹֽѧ߶Ĺְ,Ӧ
˵ϵ,ָġ߼ʧƽԭعһܹ
20ǰô˵ġ

츴ۡ˼ʷٰġ˵:ʮ,
ֿˡеġۿһģĿʹصӦеλá
ʵ,ʮоԶԶ,츴ȴΪѧѾ
ֿ,žƫ˼,˵ҪʹصӦеλ,ʵ϶
˲ʵıֵۡ(䴫Ͽ棭̨ѧ߶о
ѧ1984,45ҳ)

ܹ䱾Ҳ޳϶Լʮоʷƫȣǡ
˲ʵıֵۡԭԭ򡣿˵ڡɡҵ
ܹжʮǰϵǸܹ,ʯͷԼȥ
š

ʮͬѩͶʮǰܹЩġһ֮ͬ,
Ҽǰһ,һ츴һϽʵҵĵ
ΪʲôͻȻ1974ᡰ߼ʧƽءҴƪµд
ʱ,Ϊպú͡סһʷʱǺ,һǺ
ͻȻ߼ʧƽֱӵҲֻǡۡ,ˡ񡭡
Ƶġ֮ԡһǽѩͶʮǰܹ֮ϵ,
˽һк,óƲѵǺȻ?

β

Ҷܹ䡰ɡһĵļ㷴

Ȼ,ҵġ°ۡȱݺ,ӭҶ֮ȶ
ϣҪȡܹʽĸʽĴзʽеַø
ʽ֡ϵġȨ̬ȡϵĵط㡣һǽ
ѧɡϸ˶Ը,Ϊ֤ԼײϧѡΪ˺
͡°ۡ,ϧ漰츴װһ˵ӡ

⣬Ϊ֮֮,ĹһЩĴ,
ԭ嶡

(2004,7,12,)

(XYS20050214)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys1.dyndns.org)(xys.3322.org)

Ҳ˵һ˵̽Դ

ߣ֮Ҳ

ǰдġ̽Դֱ˵ʹ
죬뵽ҹƽ֮޹򣬷˼֪ۡˡ
˿˵ķԻԿЩ۵ǳ
ڶʱѧ粻ߣ⵱ȻǺܿɾģŵԡ̽Դ
߶Ժ˵Ҫδ飬·
ۡƺҲһĵѧ⡣˵ûδ顱
桰ķ硱ⲻνءˣڴ˵䡣

ҪһǣѰݶҲⷽоһЩ˽⣬
ԭʼ׺йоҲݶһЩҲǰڳġǧ
ϺСһ̽Դͷִȱԭԡ˵
ĺ漸£ǰ£ռȫĽ֮һǺ⣬֮
 300ĻԵĽòоⷽ
ԭʼ׾ͺţ䶰Ȼ漰Ļţһëġ̽Դ
 ˼ԡмҿҲǰ״ˣⱾ
ϵëʵ̫ࡣоٳӲ֮⣬ٿĵҲѡ
о׵òͲ⵹ˡ⣬˵
̽ԴǺϸѧ

ǣġѧרйƺϰΪˡʵ˵
ھдѧרҵġ˵ĸʱĸĵһ
ӰļĻɢۡе£ڽ쿴мƪǺϺ淶ģ
֮£ǧ衷̽ԴнġңҲ˵ȷ
 ѧйҲеǡҲϣЩУ
ڶ̶ͬȵһЩ¼⡣ΪԲػ
ѧ淶ϣԷ͵ѧҪǿܾ
Щ󡣵һӰѧߣָʿ˶ʿҪ
αʺ

(XYS20050214)

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˿վ¶и

һλͨУʦ

ǰ˵и˿վʼǽµ¡
ҲһЩ˼һЩ뷨Щ²ĸоˣ
ϣϣܷЩ

1ﲡ͡β 
ϲֲ֪Ƿй˵ԣرǿ˳֣Ҹо
˿վṩôһڲƷĴ
ʵ˫ˣֻǶϷʱ˵
˵ΪϢǲԳƵģ˴ʱڹ֪
࣬ܶͲ֮
и뷨ǽ鷽˿ɡﲡ͡β
ƽ̨ڵõй󣬿ֱӷڵλصĲţ
ϷϣЩ飬Ȼ๫иŷƶȣҲ
йɫݹ涨ʵżزҪ𸴡
𸴹֮صλҲ̫رìܡ
ٸ˵ġ˽ΰ¼ͿֱӷӳпԺȵ
λŷòŻͼأͬȻѧԱ¼ֱӸ
ȻᣬҲϸĹǻǳлľٱ
һЩȥ޻ءţҲ԰ϢһȥȻ
һÿ¶нٻȡɽһЩ
⣬˿ǳ£ЩǾձԵ⣬Ը
ġЩܹĶ߹֣ͬ̽ȻγһЩ飬
ҪߵΪײߣйزŽǳ⿴


2淶
	վϾһЩ󡢶ĴЩĸ￪ǰĴС
ֱ⣬ûгֵ֤ǰҪʹáԡȴǡģ¡ľ
áģ¡ǡϮǡϮȻָʱֻǳ̶Ȳͬ
ǼȻȸǴڱ̶ͬȵĴʻ㣬ҲӦáϽؼ
ʹãҪ
	һЩʹö⡢˴ʻ£鷽˸ߣʹ
п

3о
вٹо¡йоƶȵĻָȻѾ
20ˣһģûж¡8090Ҫ˶
ʿΪձڹ⣬ҲĿáʵҲȫʱ
Ⱥãٶµ£µ̨˸ָĸĴʩ
Ȼܺãеȷн˿Ķߺܶڹ⣬ź
ľ飬ԷЩԭίҲȫ˽⣬Ҳ̸㱾˵Ŀ
1ڵʦĿǰϣڰѸʦһЩձ黯
ƾ˵ȻҵˮƽиеͣйĴʦǷǳҵģ
ҽӴȦˡʵϣϰڽйֱӺӢ
ֱӱȽϣоҲһʵȻǲƽġΪ
ĵʦǻڹϵʱ䣬ƽԣӦԶ֮ϣձ
޹ҿƣΪǼҪȡѣҪоҪʱ
ѧ޸£ʱʱԼдࣩرǶȡӢķ
SCI⣬ʿѧϰʱ䣨3ƣձڹ⣬һвٿγѧϰ
˱Ƚ϶ԣоʱ̡ҵҪԽԽߣߵѾҪ
ǰ2ƪSCIıܡ£ѧϲӰӵ㣬ô
أѧڹʱҲʵ
оҲγǷʳ
2ҵҪڴҶҪѧĲܱҵںܶۡ
ҾѧУԱҵĻҪЩ涨йʹҵˮƽ
½ӲԵĹ涨ʱҲòʵϣûй涨ʦ
ֻѧʱһͱҵΪйϡڲʿҵȻ
󡱣ضԸҵҶȥİ
͸ˣУ⣬һ㵥λйол
ʿ󡱶顣ڹڣУʦҲϣһ֧ʿͲʿ飬Ϊ
ʿʱҲܲоΪʦ
һ漱ȡ⣬ȡ͸֮ʵһ
ġ
3򹤡ʵҪ˵ѧΪʦ򹤡ڹγֲ
ˣںӦøҾùؼѧڡ򹤡Ƿõ
ָѧҵǷнǲǼ򵥵ظͶʦȡ⣨
ҵĻҵģֻҪʺϱҵоѧӦôԵؿչ
оѧϰͽڹڻо֧ǿȽϵͣʵüֵļ
϶࣬ˡ򹤡ġ̽ԡܽϹ٣ʵҲ
ĿǰйĹġϣʦҲںѧһ𡰴򹤡

4ƶȵƷ롰١
Ȼȫͬڿ롢оȻӦùκ
١ǣʵϣܹһЩ涨ĶЩҲ
١ˡ⣬ڹڣҪж飬п⣬
ʱͻһЩðġġǵڼôʱʱȷҪ
оЩоʱʵңڻÿ
ңһЩң뵽ҲʿҲǿȣ
оںǵĻʱҲһЩðҲͲ
ˡˣ˵һЩߡҲƶȵġƷ

˽飬ܷλڿһЩ¶Щ
Ե֮ܽйزŽײߡܹˣ˿
ܹһµ̨ףΪйĿƽҵĹס

(XYS20050214)

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շķ

ߣ

й걨дһƪоѷĵľ¶
ѧһ˽֪ġĻǱһվתأ
ѧȴΪ档ΪһĻѧ־༭
ԸվʹһЩ⣬һͬ˼

һ⣺ΪʲôҪдģдΪʲôҪ

ֵȡ˵йƽдԴйƾƶȵġ˹
ġԡѧġķԴŷŷпѧʵãΪʵ
ѧʣйĶойšΪѧʶѧʣйѧ
ʵüֵҪְϣڵС̽ʵϡ
ʦָѧġѧдҪдĵ˵ʾԼ
֯һƪģ⣬ѰϣѰҲο飬׺ƪܹ
ڳְʱͿһʮˡ
ˡͬѧɵģôдж඼ǡ
˼վվһ¡ǰ˵оɹ------ЩЩ
ߡľ̸Ȼ˽֪ѧĭ죬ڽѺ󷢱Ϊʲô
ľӢ֪ʶǻԴ˵أĳ˵
֪ʶ磨ȻѧôҲ̫һ˵Ľ׼״ά
ѧ̬ƽ⡱ͨȡϷ֣ᾭ棬ͨ˶вͷ
רѧλѧǷǷʱᣬǲ
ǲ˶ǵ顣

ھʮӴλձŮѧǸմѧһ꼶
йѧǸңйҲΪдҵѼϣ
ʱǳ죬ڡһҪ׼ԭձѧѧĴ
һʼѼϣÿѧҪʦύйռ˵ǵһ
ͼݣڻ磩һֱʵλձŮķ
⣩ֱǣ͡ѧɱձ
СŮ⣬һᵹһһҵѧÿ
ʱȥעһ⣬һʲôⲻע
ýأѹһιԵѧϣһλձѧ߶йѧ˵
ǵǽǮʱģǵдġҵ
оѧһձʦרʱض˵̫
йˣЩйͳʹǵѧ绹
һһαѧӣǱѧӵ⣬Ǳ
̭⡣רҵϷģΪͬпԼѧɾͣ
һרҵڴҵоƶ»ýھһЩѧ
ѧѧ̬ĭˣ䡱Ǯƪƪְƣ
֮󣬻عʱѧƷپı󶼾õѧ


ڶ⣺־ɲȡѣ

־ɹҺƿأһڴѧУ԰һڿл
һЭᡢѧᡢȺ죬г÷չѲٶ־
ȫ޳֣һʽҪ쵥λн־ȡѵ
ᱳרҵѧ־һһǧҵһҲȣ󲿷
רҵ־20005000֮䣬зһɷлȡ
־ջصķһάӡˢѣȱһ5Ԫ20Ԫȣ
⻹йػ֧Աʡ칫ҡ칫豸Ϊǰᣬг辭
㣬ѧ־һ֧2050Ԫ֮䣬ÿĳɱ800
Ԫ1500Ԫ֮䣨Աۺϳɱ㣩˽ܣԵ
ѧ־ҲȡѣҪרͳ油ϡ

ӦóʵӦý־շѹɹйزź˶׼
涨;ձշѵ¹ƽѡøڱѡʱӦ
ѧƶȡѧоĸӦɸУ
רŵѧվԷĹһ֤ѧˮƽǿǷгϰ
Ϊϰ֮ϼһࡣӦʵĿѧ̬ȶԴѧ
оѧɹ֪ʶ׼ѧءϵضԴѧ
ѧңңڣ

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ôһ
һЩ

ߣèʯ

Ͽйѧĸ˼㿴

1RESEARCH FELLOWȽǡķ룬ǡоԱﾳµ
оԱкܴĲPOSTDOCһINSTRUCTORԹ
ʵһоRESEARCH FELLOWС

Ϊصǣ˵ԼھͶYALEʿڼRESEARCH FELLOW
ǲܵġѧУRESEARCH FELLOWָʽְλˡ
һʿһҲ͵һ㸨ԵоΪ˻ȡѧ𣬲
ʽĹǵúһʽFELLOWǺܲһġ
дԼʿڼľҲͬĴ


2˵ʿڼ䵣Yale Journal of Anthropologyࡣ
ϲϢhttp://www.geocities.com/yaleanthro/
http://www.history-journals.de/journals/hjg-y00015.htmlֱַ
нܡ
ʵǸڲıһСѧᡱıֵġ
2002-2003ⲢûгΪһԵĿMR.XUھͶʿ
ڼ䣬ǳԵıı༭
仰˵˵һ⣺MR.XUʿʱŻ
Ҳһڲı༭ٶ˵һ㣬ڵʱԼһ
ЩѧıѧˮƽȱҪһЩ
ҿܶѧڹϵļûһѧдԼ
ѧʱŻһȻǲʵģ
ɵġ
ҲΪѧĹӦͨдϾ
Ǳ߻ôꡣ

⣬˵ԼͶѧʿڼ䣬Harvard International Law 
Journalίǿַ
http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/ilj/index.htmϷ֣ͬ
һѧ༭ĿSTUDENT-EDITEDû˵һ㣬һֻ
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 1983-1987꣬ѧӢѧϵӢѧרҵ
1983-1987꣬ѧѧϰ㽱
1987-1990꣬ѧϵ֯רҵ˶ʿ
1987-1988꣬ѧ⻪ѧ
1988-1989꣬ɱоԺѡԼ˹  ս˹ѧ Ͼѧ
ĻоĽޣѧ(American Studies) оҵ֤
1991-1996꣬Ү³ѧѧϵʿ(1996òʿѧλ)
1991-1996꣬Ү³ѧУо(University Fellow) 
1993-1995꣬Ү³ѧооԱ(Research Fellow, 
Yale Center for International and Area Studies)Ү³ѧ³  W  
о(Andrew W. Mellon Fellow)
1993-1995꣬Ү³ѧѧ(Yale Journal of Anthropology)
1996-1999꣬ѧѧԺʿ (J.D.)ѡ(1999÷
ʿѧλ)
1996-1999꣬ѧУо
1997-1998꣬ѧѧԺԼ  M  ŷַɡҵо
оԱ(Fellow, John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business);
ѧѧԺ޽  F  ·˹ᷢչоԱ(Reginald F. 
Lewis Fellow in Law and Development)
1997-1999꣬ʷѧ(Harvard International Law Journal) 
ί
1999-2001꣬ά˹ʦPaul, Weiss, Rifkind, 
Wharton & Garrison) פŦԼܲʦҪ˾ķҵ
2000-2001꣬ŦԼѧѧԺ޷оĿоԱ
йоĿ˺Ȩķ  ¶ (Jerome A. Cohen) Ŧ
ԼѧѧԺͬڡйƶȡֿ
2001 Ү³ѧѧԺйרְоԱҪ
Ȩо

1йȨ״̳ۡ20021
2Financial Leasing in China (йĽҵ) ( Lester Rossʿ
)China Business Review (йҵۡ), Volume 28, 2001#1
3Fundamental Principles of China's Contract Law (йͬҪԭ) 
(Ӣ; ں) Columbia Journal of Asian Law (ױǴѧ
޷ѧ), Volume 13, #1,1999 pp. 1-34
4Contract Law (ͬ) (Ӣ; ں)⡢ܳ
 ࣬Introduction to Chinese 2002 Law (йۡ)ڶ棬
Sweet & Maxwell
5˾ṩĽ Ĵѧʮһۡ
ܵ47ڣ19986ºšר


 
1Studies in Chinese Law: Essays in Honor of Professor Jerome A. 
Cohen (йоķ  ¶ڼļ()New 
York University Press (ŦԼѧ) 2002

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04Nature Immunology ,Oncogene
03Journal of Biological Chemistry,Nat. Rev. Immunology

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