
06.02.06, ӡֱˡתֻࡷ
06.02.06, ӡӵߣյݺ
06.02.06, Ҳɡǫ̈̄Чʳ100ȼˮƳɹ
06.02.06, ¡ڡѧҲʦļ˵
06.02.06, ɽ͡Ҳ̸йԺʿˮƽԺʿƶȵı׶ˡ
06.02.06, ԲСҲ˵˵йԺʿˮƽ沵
06.02.06, Ҫѧ֮
06.02.06, ĳЩԺʿصֻǻûл쵽Ƿϡ
06.02.06, 롶𡰷ŭġArchihistory
06.02.06, ˡֵڷ棿
06.02.06, 顶ѧָҪذ족
06.02.06, 걱Σּ֧ʹáPeking University
06.02.06, Ľ塶ܹ֡ɱѧ֮뵽ġ
06.02.06, ѵá˵ѧ
06.02.06, Out to debunk: China's 'science police'

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                     ֱˡתֻ

                              ӡ

    һְҵƭԳơֱˡǰҲùPhilip ZhangԪ
ꡱװסƺ̶áֱˡΪ
ֱˡѳƷƣرĳЩ༭кܳԵÿҥ³
ѡġѧۡĿӡҵЩνα
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⼸ˣдƪֱˡ¼Խ¶
дƪ°ѡֱˡҥоҥΪ
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жΪҶԼò

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ժӣʱĿֻࡷʦѧ°棩
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˵顣Ӹıԣܲ뵽Ү³ѧֻ˵
һЩͨǹָйϢضй˵ת
ʳƷǡȫģЩǹִšաţΪЩ˾
ƭйڡӾΪ˾Ĺͬ
Աƭǹ֡ΪʳΪ졣ЩԺĺƭ
ڵνתʳƷǰȫ˵Ҫָ߶Ⱦ衣

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ͬԱƭǹ֡ڸҵÿһʵ
ʲôҪתʳƷҿѧԺΪתʳƷ
ȫȵȣһʵǡǡ෴ġһҥԣһ
͹ˣҪ¶һҥԣȴҪϼƪԸûбҪһ
һȥֻҪһӣô֪ҡײƭģ͹ˡ
ֻαҪתʳƷҥԵġ

    ˵ʳתʳƷʮʷĿǰгϵ
ʳƷУԼ6070%תɷ֣ҲǡȻⷽ
ġ֪Ȩ 

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ҪתʳƷıǡ1992-1994꣬תʳƷʼ
ŷгͨFDA漴˷棬ҪתʳƷ
ǡ19957£FDACenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
ˡFDA＼ʳƷߡ棬رߣת
ѧʳƷҪıǣңȷѧ֤ݣ
κθÿܡһFDAҪͨñǣңһ
£ǣFDA will require special labeling if 
the composition of a food developed through genetic engineering 
differs significantly from its conventional counterpart.ǵڵ
ʮҪתʳƷ߷ûһֱ
ǿ

    FDAתʳƷıϸĹ涨20011¹ġҵָ
ϣԸʳƷǷ﹤̿ġGuidance for Industry: 
Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been 
Developed Using Bioengineeringȫļ
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/biolabgu.htmlָϵҪݣ
ת򣬱겻ǣ롶ʱĿֻࡷһ˵
ǿתʳƷԱǣֻ̼Ըת
ɷֻ򲻺תɷֵıǡֻתıʳӪɷֻ
ܵ¹ĳɷʱʳҩƷ֣FDAҪ³ɷֱ


    ֱõġFDA＼ʳƷߡFDA'S Policy for 
Foods Developed by BiotechnologyǸ򵥵ļȫļ
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/bioeme.htmlе8ǹڱġ
ļҲֱ֧˵ҥԡֱǾ仰ָľᵽ
תıʳӪɷʱҪıǣǣ
Ŵ̵ķʳƷĳɷزͬ䳣ӦƷFDAҪ
ǡ滹˵磬ŴıһʳƷ
һµҪôܻᱻҪµͨƻǡ
For example, if a food contained a major new sweetener as a result 
of genetic modification, new common or usual name or other labeling 
may be required.ɼָҪ³ɷ֣Ҫǡת򡱡
ӢˮƽѣܾܿͱֱŻסֱ˵Ĺü

    ļУFDAҲָеתʳƷǣ
ΪֹFDAյϱŴʳƷһ뾭ַʽ
ʳƷͬʳƷҪı͸¶俪ʽTo date, 
FDA is not aware of information that would distinguish genetically 
engineered foods as a class from foods developed through other methods 
of plant breeding and, thus, require such foods to be specially 
labeled to disclose the method of development. 

    ְֵֽļֱ˶ҥЩʵӡȻ
ſںˡԡԼƭûеĹ˵ģ۾
ٸʵ˵תʳƷ֪Ȩ괺ڣ
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ʳƷұ񡰲תɷ֡棬ȫ¡

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ȴûб꣬ôǺǲתɷ֣˵ġ֪Ȩģ
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ɷֻ֡һֱǡתɷ֡ƭˣ
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Ա족Ѷѣκ˶֤

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ϵĻжϸ߸ȫЩ㲻뱻ֱ
ƭƭһ

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ӵߣյݺ



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(XYS20060206)

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Ҳɡǫ̈̄Чʳ100ȼˮƳɹ


¹ܹ˾
Vaillant GmbH

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www.vaillant.de ()  www.vaillant.co.uk

http://www.vaillant.de/Privatkunden/Systeme_&_Produkte/Gas/Wandheizger
aete/produkt_vaillant/ecoTEC_classic.html

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200625

(XYS20060206)

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Ҳ̸йԺʿˮƽԺʿƶȵı׶

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ˡڶ갾Ժʿһʧ䣬йƼһϣ

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Ҳ˵˵йԺʿˮƽ沵

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йĿƼ߾ôˣ

˵𾴵·ԺҲˣΪ
Ҳ·Ժʡһ£ǵĿƼߡ˲ǲЩ˴ʧˣһЩ
ΪйֻԲ԰ĳô󡣡

һǵȥЩս£̸ĸƷ
һС⣬ǡԼȽԶĸ߹ٸֱԣԼֱϼ
֮¡ڿж׼ȷģ·Ժ
ԺʿǣЩȷʵǲĽ飬Ҳ޳ɡǣ֪һر
ЦǣԼһйѧԺƼоĵλ
йνĿƼо˰ɣйѧԺйĺܶƼ
߶ɹԱƶİɣȻһֱӲ룬ǲǹ
ѴǡйƼˮƽ¡֮أҿһϣ·
Ժɣֱ˿Ϻú÷һЩĿƼоΪʲôˮƽô
Ϳˣ˵أ

ȥ֪ôһ˲¼ǾǹоԱ
5 ˵4ûвʿѧλЩǻоԱԭ֪
Ժڽ֪ʶ¹̺Ը߼ְƵҪԽԽߣӹ
йѧԺоԱְλǲֵʲôǮˣ߹ءһ
˲šƼǸѧ˼Ǹרƣձ
ҵֶӣȻѧλߣˮƽǺܸߵģұ֤ȥоԱ
ɶġ

ҵϲķ͹۵㣬
ӦõĵطļֱֵйѧԺԺǽɵļֵˣ

⣬ҲͬйԺʿƶǱҪģйԺʿƶҪ
ĸġĻ˵Ҳڰ˵ǴҴӸԼߵĿ
߻ʼɣߣȴԺʿĺȺ֮ʼҲԡ

(XYS20060206)

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Ҫѧ֮



һʯǧˣһƪһЩ飬Ҹлѧ
ߡҺźһЩ˰֮

и߰ҼְλҵĽܷۣⲻҲת
ˣ۵ԺʿˮƽɹʹˮƽܲҲ˵
Ժʿˮƽܲ߻ҵѧåܻԷأ
Ӧ˶Ҹ˺ѧĹü
ƽҲߡҲҵѧʾǸаˣԲ

ΣSCIûȫɵǡSCIһǴѧ
ˮƽΨһ ǿǲܶӣ漰⡣
е˵SCIӦ˵ĿǰйΨһȽϹԱѧˮ
ƽָꡱ ĳЩпǶԵģ漰ԺʿԴĳ
¾Ͳô׼ȷˣ漰ѧΪԣ֤ԭԳɹ
żȻԣ¾ٹһЩӣͲ˵ˡ

SCIжڿʣģ˵ΪΨһ
׼⣬ڿûҵѡأ뿴һЩڿĹ档Ҫ
ҪӽѡأNATUREѧģ˵רҵѡѡ
ѧķǴȵǾܾġѧҲĳЩоٵġţˡ
/˧ϵСⲻǳ༭⡣ҲǷNATURE˵
ֵȶġʵʸߣʵͣ
ǳжĵĿѧֵѿѧֵжϼ򵥻ˡ
ô侲òáµĶһʼͿԱģ
˰ѧĴʼһѧ˵һ
жġÿѧʵˣԼƽһ룬ԭĶڷ
ʼ׶ʵͣǲʱģڸԿѧŲ
ġ

е˵ҡѸƽӹԺʿԪѫȥ˼
ҾͿǰһˣǣйԺʿˮƽġ
û˵˵ˮƽһЩд
Ժʿٸ¼ѧġǡǲ
֪֡ͳơԺʿڿûУ˵£һ
Ƭˡе߸ЦΪǣдҪ˵ڣй
ũ/Ȩ;ѣȫԴ͵
顣ǲװˣȫԴңɵģũ
ңͼģǶ˵ģΣȫԴη࣬
ΰǧȡһоϵͳҪ
֪ʶģҪоʹʵؿġλڡΪ
Ÿ߰˶ǮĻⷽԺʿ㵽Ұܣ˭ʶ׼
ȷ/ͺԴ˵ҲЩ˵ˡе߲ѧ
Сѧˮƽ׶԰ңǸģҶǴĵ
˽⣬˭мȦҶ֪֪𣿡Ͱѵѧӹ׻ˣ
˵ĳǵ־ѧʲôǵѧԿ۵ѧۡ
ҪʶҪϷģ򵥿ģ˵㲻
ףΪ²˼ˡ

едڹ⣬ϣͬпйĿѧˮƽ
һйԺʿڹ쵱ÿѧҲйⰡŭ䲻
֪ܶ£ȻȡԱйѧҵĳɹοܽ͵ͨɡд
ãдοʲԣʱûעʵıӹף
֣޸ĸˣ˵ԲΣ
ĺѧģҲȥ⡣Щ
йԺʿɹĿ²ǡŭ䲻úأһڿѧ
ģдĿѧɹδߡѧӡĵλ
㣬ϣ˼

ԺʿΪйѧѧӢôԺʿû
һùŵ⳶ˣǰǹйԺ
ʿƽˮƽֻڵˮƽĹ۵㣬˵Ǵﵽͳŵ
ˮƽŵڣ۾ݾͲˡ˵
߼ģΪʲôˣΪˡйܹ
õŵйԺʿġ

۵ǿƼߣάԺʿйѧ󣬸ϣᳫ
ˡѧϰϣ۲Ҫƫ⡣ڷSCIΨһ׼
йٶȵĽۣҲ벻Ҫ÷̶ʵȻ
£Եûˮƽˡ

(XYS20060206)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ĳЩԺʿصֻǻûл쵽Ƿ
йԺʿˮƽи



˼ƪ. һλӵ,. 
ṩҵԼĽ, 뱾˲һ. ֵ͵ˮƽƽƽ,
йÿġˡ. ڽһŵ(йԺ
ʿйƼ: ˮƽ̫)ΪʲôԺʿν˷һ. 
ȥνһĽ, ,ͬʧȥë
Ŀȸ.ҵǮĵ,Ҳֻ6ƪSCI SSCI (ƪSCI?). 
Ҳг³. ֪ɷƪг. ˳һ,
ǰƸΪϽʱǼƪ(Ӧ). Ȼ,Щ
ԵĹ׿ԵѧԺԺʿ. Ļ, Ҳҿ϶. 

ûв´Ļ, ڵƶȲ, ڵѧ粻, 
лָԺʿ. ΪڵƶȺͻ̫ʺ. Ҳ
Ϊʲôʵ,άƶȵԭ. ڴ˹һ, 
ϣ! ڴҲ˳˵һ. һĵԺʿ,ǧҪЩԺ
ʿй˶.  

Ǻй˶ϣԼĹҺ, ԼľӢǿ. ЩԺ
ʿʵˮƽ(ʵ)Ϊ˲, Լ. һЩͼ
Ҳ. Ӧһµʱ. ЩѧӾͺΪĸ
ϴѧ,ǰ굱ѧԺԺʿʿеԺ, ʮͷ, 
ĳɾͿԵֵϿѧԺйѧİڽɽ (й׼,ܻй
Ժʿ,ɹ̫!). Ϊй˴ΪԺ. ֪ǵԺʿкθ. 

Ϊ֪ηľ񡯸ж. йĶSCI,
̫Ƚ,ԸSCI֮ͬ. ͸Ϊ֮Ƚ
ǡ. , SCIԽ, SCIʾ͸.㻹û뿪ǿھ. Ϊ
ζǮԽ. ˳,Nature Science
µĶ. һĶǾԲҪ. Ȼ, вͨ, 
Ҫзǳʵ֤ʵ. , ڿѧҵоԼ֪û,
Ҫͼ. ѵҵĿѧ()ɾǿ? Ŀ
ѧҵĻ,ֻЩֲйѧԺʿ. ˳һ, ڹ
пѧоǿͼ۵? ǲҪҰЩͼҲ
, ߶йѧҵ. ѾͨSCIй
ָ. и,ڴ˾Ͳ˵. 

, شһ. ǿԭӵ, Ҫ
˵ص. ʵйԭӵͷĿѧеõʿѧλ
ԭӵо. 粻ع,Ҳֻ(˵Ļ). 
ڲܲԭӵ,ûлȥⷽо. ֮, 
ûԭӵҲһһҵĿƼˮƽ, жٷûԭ
. ܿǵûгԵıСϵҲԭӵ! ˻Ǳ. 
Ҳ˵.

(XYS20060206)

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ӰΪά䷢Ӣѧ﷨򣬷Ҫ˵Ҿ
ѧƷΪӢӢŸɣʵڽƱˡ
ѧΪΪѧƱȽϤѡҴִһ飬
ӢѧԵΪѵǰ棬ֲֹһѧģҲеǣ
Lancaster UniversityCoventry UniversityCranfield University
֪ڶԴкλ˵÷ԣʽһ֣ȫ
Ǹʱѡ⣬ﳶ﷨﷨ԣBeijing 
UniversityShanghai UniversityܱΪָϺĴ
ѧָǰӦüӲڴʣuniversityӦСдǳӢ
֪ʶˣôᵣ죿⣬˳پڵһ
˵Oxford University˵ֻڿУʽֲ϶University of 
OxfordʵȻţѧʽȻUniversity of Oxford
ϰȴOxford UniversityʽĲҲˣֻҪȥţ
ѧվһ£ͿԷʽĲ÷棬Oxford 
University÷ܻҪࡣҪһ﷨Ӧöϣ
Ҫ޵뵱Ȼ

𡰷ŭġArchihistory


㽭ѧѧԺӢϵڣ

ԴӸӷȥһƪйرѧӢУԺ󣬾Ȼĳ
Щ˵ķŭʼϲġΪѧ⣬Ŀ׷
ʱ̬Ӧƽ͵ģӦò˽˵ĸ飬Ӧȡ
ͷ̰ȲֶΡʵⳡ۵ıһǳ򵥵ĵ
ôܹǿһϵꡱԼġӡأ

ҵû˿ĹٷȻڱѧѧϰ˽
ʮ꣬Ѿ˱ȫԾ˵⣬
û˿ġġڶҵԭУһѧۻһ
ƪģĿеġƷָBeijing Universityָ
Metropolitan University͡Capital College

УӢӦһѧ⣬ԼʼǣӦýλ
ֻоһЩ͹۵ʵԼͿûҪӸ£
ԼĿǿˡȻҿƫĵĵط緽
Ӳͬҵ˵෴ӣһǷǳӭġǶ
Archihistory£;ѾζеǺķ
ĿȻҪһش⣬ֻΪˡ

ᵽıӢƶģĳһӢ
ֽ־ġԭУڼÿһӢУ涼չ
ʾ˵ʱѧ˫﹫µƬڼϵԭ˿վڿ
ʱδܰƬҲǳĳЩߵ⡣һ㣬
뷽֤

ҶArchihistoryµ㣺

Archihistoryд߿ȻӡΪ֤Imperial 
University of PekingǾʦѧõı׼Peking University
ֻǾ˵һԸĶǹٷģǷʽĶʽķ룬
Ϊݡȴżëܲ˻˾Ǳ
ġ

еĪλߡȻûпҵ¡
Peking Universityڵʱһǳģĳƺѧڲ
ͬĳϱ˳Peking Universityǲɷϵǣѧ
һʼǸƽصġҲ׵ǣΪʲôָһͱ
ë͡ġ

Archihistoryд棬Ϊ˵Լ쵼ʹڣڲϧ
3õΪӢУĸߵԺУҪѭġ﷨򡱡
źȴˣҲԶᡰд뱡ŵ
Ӣ﷨顱ˡ

ȣ﷨򡱶ǡ족ɣģҲܹе
ƽľһͳƵĻͿԷ֣˵ġ﷨
һΧڻõġǰȥġBristol University
ʽƾǡUniversity of BristolȻÿһ﷨򶼻
⣬ΪӢѾȫ򻯣صӢﶼвԭӢֳ
أкǿԣЩʻ﷨ǸӢʽӢšŸɡ
ӢӢӢˡԷѧӢ˶
ӦöԴ˴С֡

1ĳٴ2ѧôǲУ
гֵǰѵ1أڻش𣡡

ôԡϸһҵ¡20ͳ
ġPeking UniversityһǻĴѧྩѧǰ֮
һ֮Ҳƣֱ20ڣΪ˸
ŸΪYenching University

2˵Beijing Universityʱ
ָ廪˵Shanghai Universityʱָͬ
Ϻڻش𣡡

ųֿܡ

3Peking UniversityֻǷʽĿ
ӦǡUniversity of PekingˣShanghai UniversityҲ
Jiaotong University of Shanghai죩Ŀʽͼˣ
ڻش𣡡

ȷʵˡǰӢ־ǡGovernment University of 
Paking͡National University of PekingڲBeijing 
UniversityӢĻôʽϣ﷨ȷĳƺӦǡThe 
University of Beijing͸Ӣѧţ򡢽š˹ж
ѧ

ҾǸ㲻Ϊʲôϵġؿ
ǽһ֣һ淶˵Ը𱱴ԼĹġѧ
еı׼Ӣأѵȷӡ¸ΩһĽ;
ΪġݱеġPeking Universityڻ

ؿ߼ȫǱڣұˡ𱱴Լ
ġѧеı׼Ӣ롱ѾʮĹˣ굣ιѧ
Ӣķ롣û뵽쾹һࡱԲ𣬿Ц


ҵҪڣPekingǵʲô

ҵҪArchihistoryPeking

䲻̵ǣġġоȻˡƷһʡʲ
ôƷ˭ƷǡBeijing University

Ĳ⣬ţ١

˵Բ԰¥õʮФͭڷ̴ʿ
ָΪʵƺġӴʿǻƵͭ滭ϡ

ʮ̫ͣŲúú԰ľͬʱģ
Բ԰õʮФͭڶһʮФͭ񡣡

ֲдģβӦӦΪǬ¡
ӦΪָԷסҲʹ롰ĹԲ԰
ԣҵʱڱУϷ£ӦҵΪ׼

Ǭ¡ʱڵͭ滭30ڹƽͼݺйӪѧ
ְĽѫһЩԲ԰õġԭͼĲ
ġרҡŪٳ档

ѫĸԭͼҲǸǬ¡ʱͭ滭ģҲûСŪٳ桱ҵ
ʱ򱱾ṩ˵ڶסʮФƬҸͿˡ

ҺڱӢΪƴ֮ǰһɸİٵġ
롱֮ΪƨӴѧơƨ󡱣ֻ֮׫Ŀ
֤ƨ롰󡱡һ䲢ٻӱʼѹͬڣ
͹бָͬһѧ

˵ĻԱ֣ԼͬҼҵСޣǵƤ
ʦ̵ܽ֡

Ҳ˿̳Ӧ໰

(XYS20060206)

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ֵڷ棿

ߣ

ڸӵУһʼͿܴˡ

˵"ѧʮȷʵӢָĳ'Beijing University', 
ǽ˻ңŪĸ'Beijing University'ԭ
ıһԭ׼һʾ޿ؼĸ
⣬ΪʱߵӢƿͷҲ'"Beijing University'֮
£ѧžӢ¸Ļص Peking University'ġ" 

飬ѧBeijing Foreign Studies University
ԭѧԺ1994ѧԭӢǵBeijing Foreign 
Languages Institute. ͺ'Beijing University' һ
BeidaΪУ"֮"ίȫѶӢ
ֶĻصP?ǰ ʱǹߵˡ

Ǳ֪Ĭպ޶زϹԹԵؽ
ʲƽҲһ׮˼Ĺȫֵ
һʷŪȥǡҲ£
˾֣޶ǧڣӦóƾʵ"һʾ޿"
˵ǰɣһʾ͹أΪһѧУӢ
䷱ؿݣĿĽΪĹ涨ĳУ
ٱ"ÿһ˶վѾƵΣʷŲ""
Peking University"

ڸӵУһʼͿܼˣ

ϣԼ

ĸѧУӦǫźá

(XYS20060206)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ѧָҪذ족

ߣ

ҵĹ£ҾáˡĵҲûеġҪ˵˶
ܱΪBeijing,ǲѧġ֪ձ˾ͽбΪ Peking
֪ǷСˡձơձ˲ѱӴ󵱳ɱ
ձҲһ׶Ĵѧѧˡľ
ûиߵΪжҵѧڶƴ

˵Ĳ˵ġᡱй˵ġᡱҾ
֪ıϾ̫࣬ϲ⡣һֱùڵĴѧ
϶࣬ûɶɶģйġƴѧҪ
ڵҵľҾñֲҪذ족

һ˵йŷˮģ׻˵˽ܵ顱ԽǮ
еļѧҲȺڻġڻҵ
Ǹѧǵ͵ġλãڷżٻؼңÿÿĵ
ؤôˣǡƶɽϼΪд
ؤȻġġؤˡ

һμڻؼңھӸңڴ˿ϱˡ֣һ
ʶͦڷܵһѧȻͬѧ˵ϱ¶֪
ǡũҵѧ׶ѧǱ
ѧ˵һȥϴѧȥϡѧԣܱ༭Ľֵ
ÿǵģױĳĳѧռˣǵҹһѧ
ҪԺԣ⡰ƨһдģױռ˵ơ

(XYS20060206)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

걱Σּ֧ʹáPeking University

ߣ

ٵ¡ѧڷ?ñһӢΣ
ͱ"Beijing"Ϊʲôѧ"Peking University"Ϊ
ıҵֱ֧ʹ"Peking University"Ӣ
㡣

1. ѧȡڱеġʵĺ
塣ѧֻһشڱĴѧڱ
ѧĴѧкܶ࣬ѧȴһ޶һκȡ
ڵĸУá෴籱У籱ѧʦѧȣ
еġȫΪһλãǱʦѧ
ѧеıӢһѭָġƴ

2. ԣPeking University˱ʷĺص̣
ɣͱʦںȡõĳɾѾѧйѧ
κεľ޴ƷЧӦˡPeking UniversityӢƲ
ںѾģΪйƴѧڹҲռ
ѧһʥء"Beijing University"ֻǱڱ
Beijingһѡǿʱʱ佫ӪһƷơ
ˣʹѾγơPeking 
University

ĿǰӢ˵֪"Beijing"ǱҲв˲֪
"Beijing"йȴ֪йи"Peking".ǹý
ǰ"Peking"ʻΪٵгһ뱱ûκصơ
ٵгֵġСᡱжϣӦǸһ߸Щ
ı༭гֵġƨӡҵȺ̾겻ѡ˿Ц
廪ѧʹáTsinghuaʾ⣬ɿݣȴڶⷢʱҪ
TsinghuaΪƴQinghua廪ѧһֱõǡTsinghua
ڴ˵ڶʱУУı༭Ҿ廪ѧ
ΪʵӦΪЭͬνĶͳһ
ƣңʹáPeking University  Beijing 
UniversityϾ˵ֻܾڴ˱ѡ

(XYS20060206)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ܹ֡ɱѧ֮뵽 

Ľ

˿վ۱ѧƴд⡣Ҹ޳ɾΪ
beijingѧpeking ô˵ȱе
뵽Ķ̫ˣ̸ƴⲻ̫࣬ơƨӡ
ʵС޴˲

ܹ֣pekingbeijing֮ûʲôһ֪
ʶĽܡ

2005ڲһСӣ1930ӡݳ
ġ֡൱ͨеĺƴⱾСӽܵķ
Сƴʽɹͳһﱸƶʮʮһ
ʽ־ѧԺʮ¶ʮõʮߺ
ʽ

ƵСֻ40ҳԺܿͶˡоеĺƴ
١ʱѧߵĸ˼ǣӷţ
ĸĸϾͽ⣬ƴû취ʾ
仯Ǻɫ

˵;ٱ֡bei
ƴbei, beei,bey.

ν˫дĸķʽʾҲͲΪʲô
ɽֱƴShaanxi, Shanxiʵкƴڴ˴˹
ַ˵ڴѧӢʦΪʲôӢ
double a ɽáʱʦҲ㲻ԱչӦ
ƴBeeijing, 廪ӦƴChinghwa, 廨ƴchinghua

Ѻİٶڶһһгѧз΢
鷳һЩһվͷǳ㡣

˹淶ĹֺͷҲƶӦƴ취
bf, pfĸׯƴbfang, ƴpfu. ݻm, p, t, k
βƴsamƴlapѧƴhork.

ҾͲһһڷһλƴҾܴ˽Ĺˡ

ңֶkͨУ˵溺֣ܵ
һΪɹΪֻҪһ꣬˵Ҫһ
ǧꡣ

Yeou ren wenn woo: Gwoyeu Romatzyh duozan keeyii tongshyng? Woo 
shuo: ruguoo daytih Hanntzyh, tzoongdeei wuubaenian how. Jeh sh ige 
liisheangde Jong-shuh, inwey Yiguu  shiansheng yiiwei jyy yaw ibaenian, 
erl Wu Jyhhuei shiansheng tserngjing shuo yaw ichiannian.

ժԱ37ҳ

ƴִ溺ּ֣һֱ100ѧ߶Ե
飬ڵ뷨ıݣǿԼĺ֣ˡ
еź£½ͨеļ˲٣ּʮ꣬򻯣
ã

иУƴ뷨᲻Чأ

(XYS20060206)

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˵ѧ

ѵõWeblog

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ҷҲѧҺԼѧе֮ͬ

(XYS20060206)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

Out to debunk: China's 'science police'

Hepeng Jia
3 February 2006
Source: SciDev.Net

The recent scandal surrounding South Korean stem cell scientist Hwang 
Woo-suk has rocked China's academic community C and added fuel to a 
fierce debate over the country's so-called science police.

"Compared with the South Korean case, a Chinese academic scandal could 
be more serious. To maintain academic discipline, we need more science 
police like Fang Zhouzi," wrote Yingchuang Qiaozi last month in the 
online People's Daily.

Fang is a US-trained former biochemist who runs the New Threads 
website (www.xys.org), exposing scientific plagiarism and 
pseudoscience  research that appears scientific but does not follow 
the scientific method.

"'Science police' is just a name for unofficial figures who oppose 
pseudoscience," says Fang. "As long as there are people who cheat in 
the name of science, it is necessary to have science police to debunk 
them."

In December 2005, New Threads accused Qiu Xiaoqing, a professor of 
biomedicine at the Chengdu-based Sichuan University, of publishing 
fraudulent research in the November 2003 issue of Nature Biotechnology.

A Chengdu-based company that invested in the technology Qiu's paper 
described says the results could not be repeated.

Meanwhile, six of Qui's co-authors have asked Nature Biotechnology to 
withdraw their names from the paper, stating: "We can not tolerate to 
be manipulated by the corresponding author, Mr. Xiao-Qing Qiu [nor] 
remain a part of scientific fabrication."

Qiu, who declined to be interviewed, issued a statement on 16 January 
denying any wrongdoing.

Sichuan University is investigating the claims and says it will make 
its findings public when the enquiry is over. Andrew Marshall, editor 
of Nature Biotechnology, says the journal asked Qiu for an explanation 
 which it has since received  and will wait for the enquiry to 
conclude before taking action.

Back in November 2005, Fang claimed that professor Liu Hui of 
Beijing-based Tsinghua University had listed a paper by a US-based 
professor with a similar name in his resum on the university website.

Beijing Youth Daily reported on 29 November that the university 
authorities had reprimanded Liu, who says the mistake was not his own 
but was a misprint by the Tsinghua Library, which compiled the list of 
papers.

In the same month, Fang also claimed that Liu Dengyi, vice-president 
of Anhui Normal University, had falsely claimed co-authorship of a 
2001 paper in the American Journal of Botany and of three papers in 
the journal Ecology in his online resum.

When Fang tried to find these papers, he found the American Journal of 
Botany paper was actually published in 1997  without a contribution 
from Liu  and that the three Ecology papers did not exist. One of 
them was in fact published in the UK-based Journal of Ecology in 1993, 
but did not list Liu as an author.

SciDev.Net called Liu's office for a clarification, but after hearing 
the nature of the inquiry, the man who answered said Liu was not there. 
Today, Liu's online resum contains no mention of the four papers.

The spread of pseudoscience

Fang told SciDev.Net that since 2000, he and others like him have 
exposed 300 cases of pseudoscience, plagiarism and other deceptions 
such as scientists faking their academic achievements.

He suggests that the low level of scientific literacy in Chinese 
society, and a general lack of scepticism among the public, are partly 
to blame for the spread of pseudoscience. He says the emergence of new 
websites covering science is also part of the problem because they 
often fail to check the veracity of information they publish.

Although most scientists Fang has accused respond to claim their 
innocence, none of them has yet accused Fang of libel. Nor, in the 
majority of cases, have they been investigated or punished by the 
science authorities.

One of Fang's supporters, He Zuoxiu, a renowned physicist at the 
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), says science police are needed 
because of a lack of strict disciplinary action in Chinese science. 

"When journal editors, scientists and heads of academic institutions 
are ready to expose pseudoscience and scientific plagiarism, and when 
those responsible can be punished severely, there will be no need for 
science police," says He.

But He thinks that things are getting worse as Chinese society becomes 
more materialistic, enabling "masters" of pseudoscience to bribe media 
outlets and even professional scientists to support their theories. He 
says the growing commercialism in China has penetrated science, 
leading some researchers to falsify data or plagiarise others' work in 
order to gain fame or funding.

Faced with this situation, says Fang, it is not enough for science 
authorities to "regulate" science  efforts from society are also 
needed.

However, Song Zhenghai, a senior researcher at the CAS Institute for 
the History of Natural Science, says people like Fang are not equipped 
to fulfil this role.

"Fang is a biologist, so how can he identify 'pseudoscience' in other 
sectors?" Song asks.

Song believes that activities of the science police can have serious 
repercussions for those accused. He says that by saying that Shandong 
University professor Zhang Yingqing's 'holographic biology' theory was 
pseudoscience, the science police precipitated the professor's death 
in November 2004.

According to the theory, each region of an embryo has its own 
corresponding region in the whole organism, and the shape and size of 
an organism's organs C such as the leaf of a tree, or a human hand C 
are related to the species' overall size and structure. The theory was 
applied in fields including acupuncture, agriculture and cloning.

Song says that after the science police criticised Zhang, Shangdong 
University stopped the courses he taught and withdrew funding. The 
resulting stress and poverty, says Song, led to Zhang's early death.

Who's watching the watchers?

While agreeing that China's scientists should be more disciplined, Liu 
Huajie, an associate professor at Peking University's Science 
Communication Research Centre, warns that there is no one checking the 
accusations made by people like Fang. "If he is wrong, the result 
could be disastrous."

Tian Song, an associate professor of the philosophy of science at 
Beijing Normal University, says Fang and others have gone to extremes 
to describe anything not proven by modern analytical science as 
pseudoscience, including the classical theories of traditional Chinese 
medicine.

"The science police's disdain of other forms of knowledge reflects 
scientific value, or better, modern analytical scientific value, has 
arrogated a supreme position in China which should have been shared by 
various knowledge, such as ethics and philosophy," Tian told SciDev.Net.

As Wang Dixing, a Beijing-based inventor, points out: "The science 
police use acceptance by the scientific community as a standard to 
distinguish real science from pseudoscience. But the scientific 
community is often conservative and would not, at least initially, 
accept revolutionary theories such as Copernicus's geocentric theory 
or Albert Einstein's theory of relativity."

Fang admits that his scientific expertise outside biology may be 
limited, but basic science theories and logics learnt in colleges or 
even in high schools, along with the awareness of academic disciplines, 
have been enough to help him debunk pseudoscience.

He adds that many scientists who hate science plagiarism, but would 
not stand up because they feared offending authorities, have reported 
their findings of wrongdoing to him.

"I cannot punish anyone," says Fang. "All I can do is just to point 
out who is doing pseudoscience and plagiarism."

He Zuoxiu of CAS says the so-called science policing has not invaded 
other forms of knowledge. "We would not criticise religion or 
religious freedom. But if one claims to be doing science, he or she 
must do things with academic discipline and be ready to be monitored 
by any other scientist in a professional way."

Last September, in a first for China, the National Natural Science 
Foundation of China  published the names of three scientists punished 
for misconduct on its website. They were banned from applying for NSFC 
funding for three years (see China 'names and shames' scientists for 
misconduct).

NSFC says that since 1998, it has recorded 542 cases of alleged 
misconduct. Most were resolved without being made public.

But Fang says that the punishment is too slight and the practice of 
not revealing names of most of scientists accused of misconduct will 
fail to deter the others.

"In fact, many people who have produced pseudoscience and plagiarism 
have the support of officials, either in the government or in 
academia," Fang says.

China's Ministry of Science and Technology refuses to comment on 
whether the country will try to improve academic discipline in light 
of Hwang's case, and Fang's claims of widespread academic fraud and 
plagiarism.

"I hope the Chinese academic authorities will have the courage and 
capacity shown by the University of Seoul in the case of Hwang 
Woo-suk," says Fang.

(XYS20060206)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)