                         ˿µϣ20060208գ

06.02.08, ӡôһѧƭ
06.02.08, ԲСֻйԺʿˮƽҪٸӡ
06.02.08, ̫ƽ԰SCIġйԺʿѧˮƽ
06.02.08, , , Ϊʲô, ǲҡ
06.02.08, Ϊйѧˡ
06.02.08, SCIENCEԺʿŵ
06.02.08, JamesǷǡǴͳۻҿPeking Universityۡ
06.02.08, Archistoryϵ꣺һڡ
06.02.08, ͹ͬҲ۴ѧУӢķ
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06.02.08, աΪPѱΪPEKING
06.02.08, sichengCardiff University
06.02.08, Թ3vs=vsСˡ
06.02.08, Ҳ̸Чʳ100ȼˮ
06.02.08, Զɽ֪ͬ
06.02.08, ڡйԺʿƶȵĽ⡷

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2006.2.5.

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˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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ǷǡǴͳۻ
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Ѿѧйѧκεľ޴ƷЧӦ
Peking UniversityӢƲںѾģΪй
ѧڹҲռѧһʥء

˵ʵ׿ᣬ˵ѧֻ
ѧУʵ壩ǸƵĻҶǿԽܵģҪӢҲ˵
ǸƣɷнµΪѧעţ˸еˡΪ
ѧƣôӢΪBeijing Universityͻᱻ˿
ɣ

˸еǣڸӵĸ˵Ϊʲô
Beijing Universityԭ֮һĵ˱⡣

Ϻ˵Ļ˵ٵͷ֮һҲ
ɵʱдʺź͵ַڶҲȷеʺź͵ַ
кʾֻ˴ӦкʾֶԹBeijing 
UniversityֵģΪǱдˣϾʺź͵ַأ
Ҳ˾дһдԭ򣻵ģǸˣ
ҲѧУյ˲յľ޿黹



йѧУ¡áǳ£ֵ֮
ΪڽPeking UniversityУҲ⣬Ҳνйɫˡ

˵ǣ浽ܼ򵥡ѧǷΥ˹ҵ
йطģˣҵҲӦΧġǷǡ
˼ȻһԸ

ٵȳ˲ʵģinappropriateԴǣǽ
б·һԭ򡣵һЩѵۣڶٵУ
ʹõĳЩۣҸе𾪡

뿴Ϊһѧӡڷʱ˵

ְֵڷxiongүүԭhsiung˵ү
үǸhsiungǸSûκιϵ

˵ﻰ˵Ϊߡ˵Сѧˣ˵ѧ
ѧɣÿѧÿſεͷһ죬ʦҪClass RulesġоУ
вʵԴǣҪ˵ȵȡûĽԳ
Ķˣƺпԭ

Ļ˵丽жԷ˵Ļ
󣬶Եذ󡱣Ծ˵䡣

һѧӡΪˣ˱ۣԱɸУ
ӱ۱ڡ/һ
һѧӡ˵ĲԣֱӻԷȱһ㲻
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ûбҪ˷༥㲻ΪٱϾڡ
/Ͼ̸һҪ⣬ȴҪ˼ҵȱӣ
·дƵģ㲻̨桪Ϊ۵ѧ⣬
ҿҲ⣬ǾûбҪá

ڣڱеȺεʱһҲͬԼӪ
г˻ޡҸеֵǣ˿Уȴδ
˶ԴҲδ棬֪δԾ

ǵǰСлú˵Ŀǣ⻰ʺйΪ
ѧۻճУй˺ر׼롢ϻ
״ܡԣ˵Ϊʹ˸侲㡣

ҶԴ˵ĿһЩı䡣оҪ⻰˭˵ˡҾ
ҪٸӰɡмס׷ΥҼΪʱ
աܼߡܴ򱧲ƽ޿κΡΪԹߣҷֻ˵
ݶԣҷˡʱ򣬼׷֧߾ͳ˵ˣл
˵ҪأԴ֮䣬пܻҷԣ
п˫ڶȻһƬսյһܴⱻ
ˣǾǣ׷ΥҼ֮±˺ˡ

³й½ѧۡѧеļʣǰٷ֮١
ǵ̬ȡΪһ̸˵Ƿǵʱǧ£
ճгһ䡰ʲô̬ȣһڵ
Ͼʹ·ˡ˵۾תˣ

ϣǵѧۡѧУܹˡ
ΪƣҪΪֿԴʵƫԼķͬ
ʱҲϣܹȡдģ޴磬ҪǾ
Էͼ̬ȵ⣬ʹǷǲ

һҪ˵ϣ


200628
ͼ

(XYS20060208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ϵ꣺һ

Archistory

    𣬱˷ǳмڰҵĵ٩Ϊͷ
ȴʹҸӷŭˡҲҺ۵ѧ⣬Ⲣһ
Եѧ⣬һϵΡѧ⡣˵
ΡҪδűˣվһ߲εӵ
ѧ⣬ͷгŰ⽨ֳ˼
PekingʿǲҪѧĿΡҪǵӴ

    ˵ҡеǺķ࡮ĿǲǡࡱҲ
˵˵ǡĿھŅ̀ˡҵĸУ
ѧһԹΪۺԴѧҴѧʿʿõĿһˮĹѧѧλ
ڻ˵ǡƤʦ̵ܽ֡СޣҲòϬ
Ŀ⣡ʸȣҵȻСˣȷʵǡƤ
ʦ̵ܽ֡Լ֪СԶֹʦ
ĵģԼ֪Сǲᵽֲʦĵġս
ȨܹսʤȨȻȨѧֻһΣ
ֻǹںСһ⣬ΪҫοҵĻ
ʱò㣬Ϊҷϻ㲻ʲôȨ

    ˵Һǰ󣨻չһڵӣӢĽ۱
Ӣ⣬ȷʵС׷ǰټաζΪ˵СG
˼ûҵӢӢҵĵһҲû
μӹĹһʿԣˮƽǿ֪ġҽ
Բ԰¥ǾֻҲһʲôǡŪĸ
ˡ׼ҵѱˣԲ԰Ҳ类չˣ
ҲͻࡰŪһɡ

    ǰһ£Ҳڲϰҡࡱġķ硱ԼҲ
̧Լһأ϶μӹѧֻᣬֻģ
ļӡˢİֽǻġҾЩӡˢļ֣
ڡ˿﷢ڲӰѧԵǰ£ййڵ
գԼǿĵ͸Ⱦһ֡ɡҳ֮Ϊ٩
߽Сг˵ڲҪ֡ﲥţȿС
Σ͵ģҲСЦŭ͵ģֻҪǡ߲ѡ͵ģͲ
صٱǡǿһȷĵ򣬵Ĭ
һλĿƽ˵ֻһź

    ҰڼPekingӵߵʶΪ㣺һPekingǵ
˵PekingѾһʵϵĵڶ
ôܹǿһϵꡱԼġӡأ

    ڵһ㣬ȳһ£ǰνġ롱Ӣ롱
롱˵ȫ׼ȷΪ͡ѧĸĲ
ֻǡѧ֣дPekingBeijingʲ
ôʽڽֽתд۵صǵ
ײתдʽͨӢеuniversityɡѧ
ĩǻԽѧáںǻдɡѧУ
ΪʲôڲְУѧáأһԻʱͬˣԻ
зԼˡɶԡתдͬá

    Ϊʲôԡֻתд룿Ϊڡѧﾳ
ʡһʾרʡ꾩ʦѧʱ
ڵأԪ̫ڰѵԪ󶼵ʱбƽطĳƱ֮
ֱڣȥϾʱٶȸĳƱƽ21֮⣬һֱб
Ȼϸ˵1921걱ر֮ǰһ
ִϵġ׼ûˣڣԱǵ
ɣռ̶ȺӰԶ˳츮ʦס
ȸʽĳν֮ϡԲŻаĵġʦѧáΪImperial 
University of PekingȷʵС롱ĳɷ֣֡

    Pekingǵ쳯ŷ½ΪĵʱҲû
Ҫƶһ׺תдƶNĺ
֮תд涨˲Ż˴ͣ硱һPekingֻϧ
⣬Щİƨ硱ʵ
ţܰնϵΪҲдPekingĶ׼ȷط
бĶϵУдPkinɡ
ȻϿڣҲɣдPeknдPechino
ʽͳһҲ˵Peking UniversityڷͻᱻдɡUniversit 
de PkinȻ﷨˵Peking UniversityϽȴʧȥˡPeking
ʽ֪ڶԴǷΪѣӢǿԣ
ͬϹĹԣϹĳһܷѱ
һѧе⣬᳡Ͽ϶ͬʱ֡Peking University
Universit de PkinUniversidad de Peknȶı
ʲôҪPekingĴȲأʵϣǰᾭ
ɲҪĻᣬԲŻϹͳһúƴתд
ĵרʵĹʱ׼ǴҶдBeijingã

    ϵ֣܆£˵ǵʵӦй
ƴתдĹʺ͹ұ׼й½еĺ͵Ҳ
Ӧðڡܹ֤Pekingطй½⣬
߱һʣPekingǶиôʵı׼תд
ΪʲôѧıںǵBeijing University
BeijingӢҲǵƫƫPeking UniversityġPeking
ӢͲǵˣ˵PekingѾһ
ʵϵĵҲ˵ڳٻϡPekingһȥ
ϵĵʵϣΪûйȥʵ𣬲Ϊ
ĵͳòĸıϱĴйϵ仯
ֻΪйվˣPekingѱBeijingȡ֮
ӽʷƨСӦԼѧУ׶ڵ
Ϊܷ˳µؼ̳һŵƨ󡰷˼顱

    ԲʹڷԡPekingĻֻܸ
̾PekingƨޱȵĺѧеĸȻܹ
һ˾޴ƨӣ50˻ûбƽ

    ڵڶ㣬ǡϵꡱӡǡƷơ˵õ
ҵֻ˵һıѧɫڷݣû
ѱꡱڱȽѧѣʲôMBAһѧ
ѵʱȫҵѧƷĳ£ֱֻ
ȡ衣ȻԸôȣҲͷ㵽ס

    ͬһҵصϵɣֹǰϵ꣬˼ǡNϵꡱ
˼ҵtongrentang.comûв鵽ͬõġ롱
ΤƴӦǡT'ung Jen T'angͬûС롱
˼ұȱNϵǺطģҲβ˺ͽ
ҵ

    ձµҲһϵɣձ۵Ʒ̱дǡ
ʥ롱йԼжȵسʱͶĳˡNational
ŷгʱ鷳ΪŷСNationaḻ
עȡô죬ҡNationalӣͲҪŷгӲ
ֻܵųԹ˾ձѡң´һPanasonicƷ
ơǺעضԡPanasonicƷƵƹģǻе
µĹ浱пNational, Panasonic & Technics (עƷר
Ʒ) are trademarks of Matsushita Electric.һС֡ǰ꿪
ʼʵ˶ġNational͡Panasonic˫Ʒս֮ٴ
ƷơNationalʹáPanasonicΪȫгͳһƷ
ƣNationalյǵҰ

    йгҲ˼ƷƵȤ¡˵ġ
˹ءCOASTERĳơ˹ȲѣôԵPRADOĳ
ࡱ־LEXUSĳơ׿˹ȫԾԸġ
еİֻ̼Լ֪

    ˵˵µ꣬ǵĺ룬ӦöڹϱȱҪ֪й
ƷưɡʵʱСٵ-ȥٵֻ
ζν㡣û뵽ƫҪ˵ζ
ֻԼƷƵôҲҶི
˰ɡ룬ڲû˵ҡLegendƷƸĳơlenovo
Ϣɡ֮󣬽ôƳIBMPCš
˵Legendҵĺòã

    İӦʹ˹ƨӵ˰ɡȻ
ҪԼġƷơ̿룬Ļû˵δ

(XYS20060208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

Ҳ۴ѧУӢķ

͹ͬ

廪ͱУӢ֮⼸֡²
ѧıҵ˼ҵļ¡أþҲΩ
ѧ֪ɽѧĹٷӢSUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITYݴѧ
SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY

̸̸ֻһֱɹйѧӢҲǴ
ģ˵ĲԵĵطоָ

1.	COLLEGE UNIVERSITY

ѧԺcollegeѧuniversityʻĺ
ѧ֪һЩѧȴʵǣʻ㡣ǰ
һѵĶȥ¼¹ѧɣҴһ¼¹ѧ
ѧϰLLMĿҺܳԾ֪ѧԺʲôʱ
ɡѧˡ֪ѧԺӢ
ǡEast China University of Politics & LawԭˣСһﱻ
ˡѵǻѧԺcollegeʾ׿Խ֮
ǰѧУġӢˬһѣļѧԺCalifornia 
Institute of Technologyé˹ѧԺDartmouth CollegeҲӦ
򻪶ѧԺѧϰУԼУӹ찡

2.	INSTITUTE

InstituteԷΪѧԺûģMITǷɡʡ
ѧԺôڵѧԺٷӢǡNorthwest Institute 
of Politics & LawֵĺܣѧǸ˼ҪҪ
ġuniversityٷӢȴƫƫǡBeijing Institute Of 
TechnologyԸҪԼѧԺinstituteһ
ѧӢдBITеˣҪ־йġMIT
CITҪһʹ˰һУңӦţ֡Ҳй
ѧҪУĽӹʩ֮һɡѧӢEast 
China University of Science & Technology,ˣã

3.	ѧУķ׼ȷ

ȻӢϡliteral ruleһڴѧУķ룬
һֱΪѧУӢĺ岻Ӧò̫ܹһӢˮƽ
йһĳѧӢϾܷӦѧFudan 
University(ѧ), Zhejiang University㽭ѧһ֪;
һģShanghai University Of Finance & EconomicsϺƾѧҲ
⡣

ЩѧУӢ˷ѽˡShanghai International Study 
UniversityϺоѧҲϺѧΪ
Beijing Foreign Studies Universityѧ׼ȷЩ

ٿGuangdong University of Foreign Studies,ǹ㶫ѧ𣿲
ǣȷǡ㶫óѧٷӢѡóˣ
Ӱ⽻ôѧУԾ͸С㶫ѧͨ˳
С

ϲƾѧĹٷӢǡZhongnan University of Economics 
& Law,ҲûзӳУеȫ壬Ҳûа취̫
ҪӲɡZhongnan University of Finance & Economics & Politics & 
LawֱҪ˶Ļȥ

ʦѧô룿ϺʦѧĹٷӢǡShanghai 
Teachers Universityʦѧͱʦѧٷԡʦѧ
Ӣķǡnormal universityҲѧרң˵
ɡ            

󣬱˵̲סڷν﷨Ǻ
޶ۣԵThe University of Oxford 飬ֻ New York 
University9µĿΣûСҵںظǡ
дʽźʱ̧ͷһҪдThe School of Law֪ΪʲôNew 
York UniversityķѧԺɲHARVARDYALEˣΪû
ϸķдʦ

(XYS20060208)

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ڱ廪Ҳ˵仰

Ƴ

һⱾһ򵥵£Ǳ廪Լĵλʣûʲôԭ
ڹҵ涨һʹúƴ׼Ƿһԣһ
⡣

1949ǰĽѧ̻ѧʷڱ꣬廪ꡣӢΪ
Nanking UniversityѧѧϲΪϾѧΪ
Nanking University

ҹ涨һϾѧΪNanjing UniversityʱҲһЩ
¹һ޷ȷʶһ˸ҿҲû
ʲô⣬ϰˡ

ġ˺ͷֱ廪ʼδġСӣʹипǱ
廪ͣҲΪķԴء+ӢҡڹԺΪ
ʧΪһ¡ڰɡѧ⡱ͲΪһ
Ц̸ˡ

塢ġǡ֮Ϊ׶һ£ԭԣǷ
һǡ֣ҲȻؼڣ׶׶ѧ
Ҳãǡ򡰺ǴѧҲãλʵߵԼǷˣƷ
Ҫйˣϣɡ

(XYS20060208)

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PB˭˵㣿

hbchen

𱱾ѧӢƣҾôҵûɶô
ѧӢƽʲôӦɱѧУһȷ涨

ںѧָλڱĴѧǰ
ƽѧƽĳɱҲûȻýСƽѧ
ϾѧġԡPeking
ĳbeijingôѧĲľ˵˵˵


ѧӢƸPeking UniversityBeijing University
øɱѧУݹҵطһ涨ʽ
涨ѹҽһҲѹֲ̫Ӣй˵
ʱҽһ

뵽׶ơǰںǡǡ˲ϲ
ƣӲĳ׶ȻҾƲƺãҲ
òܡйҲơԺͲ˵ǣҪ׶

ǰѧӢPeking UniversityPekingڶԱӢ
ڹҹ涨ӢBeijingôѧǷøĳ
Beijing UniversityȻҪĵġҪУ⵱£ȷһ£
˵زŵϿɺ󹫲һ¡

廪ҲһӦȷһ¡

йѧڸԼУȷӢʱ򵥵úƴһ
ЩѧУ˼롣ע⵽ѧӢΪCentral 
University For Nationalitiesȥûɶ⡣ͷҲ
ëй˶ѧʵǡ塱ѧʡ
֣ϰ÷Ӱйȷ⡰ѧ
ںӢʡminorityоδȷˡѧУ
Ĺ涨ҴҶôУʹҲøôС

ΣӦУһ涨

(XYS20060208)

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ڱѧ



λȻ۱Ĵѧ⡣˵У
Ҳ֪Ǹ˵Ҳ˵˵ҵ⡣

1	ѧӢΪpeking universityãĳBeijing 
universityȽϺáѧйĴѧйķĺƴ취
ӦдBeijing universityһ̣ı䱱ѧԼӢ
Ǻ׵ġǣѧΪpeking universityڹʹҵĿе
λǰӢָĵϸĵġȻˣӦøĵ
peking universityڹʹĿеλһγɵģҲ
һγɵġԣѧĳBeijing universityǰ
peking universityͬλҲҪһڵγɡǱȻģҪ
һѧΪBeijing Universityѧĵλ
Beijing UniversityڹʹĿеλȻͻγɡ

2	ȵıѧΪʲôpeking university, ҵĿġ
ܴӢĵĽǶҪʱʷʱı˵Ľ
ʱȨ˵Ľ뷨ʵpeking֣
ĵı֡Ȼ֧ǡһձ˶й
ĳƺȻһձй˼ʵchina֣
ӦĺֽС֧ǡûرĴձ˽ף з 
˹¶ Ļкܶ࣬һӵ˼ձ˵ϰߣ
ǱϾʽĶԱĳƺԼƴ֣ΪʲôҪø
ձأԣĳBeijing UniversityȽϺáڵĺ
עʱձйһ⡣ձάʱ
ŷҪȫձļͺ֣վûе
ͨйҲ뷨˵ձ˵Ӱ죩ʱ
Ԫ࣬ƴũȣܶ˶ձѧͨձ˶ŷ޵ķ룬
ѧϰŷޡԣձ֣ѱѧpeking university
ǺȻ¡Լƴ֣ȻӦýBeijing university
ˡΪʲôҪռһձ˸йıѧй˰
ѧȡӢأĹϵܸӣ־ⷽйƴ
ֵγɣԼֶйƴֵӰйѧѧ
ʷо˿ȥ֤

ҵĽǰѱѧӢָĳɡBeijing 
University

2006/02/08ڶ

(XYS20060208)

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¶һ±廪Ϊɶ־

ߣLB

۵֣䡣ҿѧУӢľ벻
ǹӰˡ˭ľ飿ʷģ;ʦѧõģ
ĵĶҲաǺĸ顣
ѧУѧУ˵ĿУѧУʹǵʱ
ҲڣȽӢƣϰߺƴй
￴Źһ廪ȴһֺĲ
ѪԵĸ顣 1949ԺֺĹڲӪ
ں͵ӣԽԽ׶ָǴ£
׸ġ˵ٲһ㣬ĸҲ׸öϵ
ôʲôͳӢķѡͳͳǻӣ޷޿
κֹĽͻɡڶй˶Դ˲⣬
ˡ軵ˡ

˵ЩȫǳЦ˼˳гУҲΪɹˡ
²⣬ҲǴеļ˵̸еʱʮһͣ
йõĴѧȥӢ֣ɢһİԹ
ĸ߹Ѫͳ֡

(XYS20060208)

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PKUһйزļд

ߣPKU

ڱPekingBeijingӢ⣬ַǷұһ
ͣͦĵģϰˣֻһνèҲ
У֪˭СЩ֣ЦĻǿǸĸģ
ӢPKUþڱ̲ҽ֮ǰƺPKUûô⡣
ԭҽһPKUͻУһѧҽ˶֪Ĳ
д֢ͪӢphenylketonuriaPKUΪ
ԱлȱݵļGoogleһ¡PKUŵһ
ΪߣžźĵʲǸߣǷǳߡÿ
ϱʼѣ־;úЦ˶
ɻϰߣôΪƫ̯һأָǡȻ
˺ÿPKUĲȷʵȱ1934űֺʹá˿
˵ǱȨԼİõ۱áء
ӷĵһ

(XYS20060208)

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ΪPѱΪPEKING



ͬ־˿ȫ޻̸֮Ҫ֪Pڡ̫¡й
һѧϧһЩŵӹˣ֪Ӻʱ𣬾ѱΪ
BEIJINGӶԻٳǣúöѰʿģPBEIJINGӡΪ˱
֮׵һѧǿҵĽйڵһʱѱΪ
PEKING2008˻ʱѰʿףȥӵһP
PEKINGȥμӰ˻ᡣһP֪һİ취2009
꣬PһΪ̫¡֪ߵйһѧΪ
˿ôûз취

(XYS20060208)

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Cardiff University

ߣsicheng

λڹǴûʱ˽һʿ

ʵCardiff UniversityȥܳʱUniversity of Wales, 
CardiffʿѧԭУCardiffġ2003꣬
ѧУڳʿѧʽCardiff University

û˵ʲôʿӢʵʿĻȻӢһ
㲻ͬӢһӢʿһ˵ġȻո
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(XYS20060208)

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濴27ա<ǽƱ磡ӢѧУһټ
>һġҿCoventry Universityѧվhttp://www.coventry.ac.uk

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ϧ˷ӵĲŻʱ䣬ôһ֣ͲУҲ˷ʱ䡣
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Ҳ̸Чʳ100ȼˮ

ߣ

Jack Zhaoġɣǫ̈̄Чʳ100ȼˮƳɹ
ġҲɡǫ̈̄Чʳ100ȼˮƳɹƪ
¿Կ

1 Чʳ100ȼˮ˵иݵģ
2 㶫Ƶġǫ̈̄ǲԵģ֪ΪԹ˽
,Ϊҵ

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ؼ塣

չЧǲռͶİٷֱȡӳʶϽӦ100%

ȼˮΪЧӦǣ
ˮ - ˮ/ 

鲻󣨺ˮٶȺѹʹ2070C
ˮˮ¶25Cô
ˮ - ˮ = 20*70-25) = 900 Kcal 
= 3,766 KJ ǧ
ΪԱȣ1ȵ = 3,600 KJ

жֶ壬Ҳڡ

ȣȼˮòõءˮã
˵ЩӦü֪ˮЧǲ
ġ

ڶȼζ壿
Ŀǰȼֵ壺
ֵ - ȼȼգ25Cʱõֵ
ֵC ӸֵмȥǱֵȼȼֵ
ܵȻ˾ΪֵԼΪÿӢ1,000 BTU
ÿ37,240 KJֵȸֵԼ10%

ȼˮԸֵ㣬Եֵ㣿

ԵأԸֵóЧʲ100% (һ)
ҵԵֵԼ10%ƪ¿¹йĹ涨õ
ֵøֵҿ¶ȵļڱ仯ʹõļԣ
һȼʣAFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency)
˵ܣֻȼá

Jack ZhaoᵽVitodens 200 Ϊù̸ͬһƷЧ
¹վ109%վ98%AFUEΪ94.2%ȥ
ȽϺɣ

ģȼֵĶʼȼ뵽ȼˮʱӦ
ǱȻδҵʱֹգֵȼˮĶѾ
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ڳĸûЧʵ彵ͻӰ조ⶼһ
ڱ׼ƶеһءһ˵漰Чʶʱ̶
ڸֵг޿ģ

ڣ׼ƶӦùƽҪﵽ׼ƶ
Ӧü˸档ڱ߲ı׼ίԱУԹΪλģ
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籣չ˾ʵңһֲܳ50%
ʹƶע⵽ˣһ֤ԡ˽⣬ⷽû
Ĺ涨ûⷽʶЩרҵίԱΪ˻λҡ

ʵȼˮЧ˵Ӧ֧µĶ壬رǼ
ĳ̡Ϊ׼һĽг̣֣ûֻ
Ƚֵңܹûeducated userһЧʳ100
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͵йûģҪйûʹʽϵͣʹ߶
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ӵڲϺҪܡӵܻҪ೤ʱ
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Խ϶̡йϴ裬ʹҲܻա

3 гӦͬͶʻڣǵ
ÿҶԴϸʽˣںͶʻ
Ӧ÷ֱ㡣ӦԽܲƷݡ

4 ӦԳ¼зϸֺ֧͹ʹ䲻Ͻͳɱ
ܺġ²ƷгҡΪַȵĴͳ
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5 Ӽ˵ȱüЧǿԸ100%ģΪ
Χȡܣڵȱôõġ

(XYS20060208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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лwyywиַ֪
http://pan2026.blog.hexun.com/ʹҵ֪ϾѧŴѧ
ԺڡʿʦϾѧýչоΣҵ֪2006
24սϴԼĲ֪ͣݽںʱδ

׾׫20053£ڡݡ־20054ڣ븴ѧ
20058°׾ĻԹݡҲδ׾
Ҳδ϶׾ģҾϲͬĻ
һݽᵽͬ׾׫20063Ժ
ǳἰġ

һش硣Ϊ¥Ρл
Ļʥ׫20042¡ڡݡ20045ڡͬ
׾ĻԹġĴԴΪׯӡйĻȡ
֮֮ߵĵһԪ䣬ǽй޿Ļʥ

2006/2/8Ϻ


ɳַ
http://www.ccforum.org.cn/viewthread.php?tid=39741&extra=page%3D1
ַ֪͡
http://pan2026.blog.hexun.com/2338657_d.html

(XYS20060208)

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йԺʿƶȵĽ


ѧĻۡ26ڣ200512£5-22ҳ

    ժҪѧίԱԺʿƶȽĹ̡ѧίԱͬԺʿƣ
ѧίԱΪԺʿƶȣʹйԺʿʸԽϵͣҲ϶ࣻ
Ժʿ׷ʹԺʿƷ˱죬׶˴ĸԺʿƶȿԴӿԺ
ʿģɵܳĻ˿ѧ֣ҲƵı

    ؼʣѧίԱ  Ժʿ  Ժʿƶ  

 
йѧԺԺʿйԺԺʿҹڿѧ͹̵
ѧƺšԺʿйѧˮƽ˱Ӻ
עЩԺʿƵƵΪ۵ĽͬʱԺʿƶҲ
⵽˷顣ΪԺʿƶйƼչϰȡɡ

ַһȵԺʿѡйԺʿƶٴξ۽ȫƼ
͹ǰĿǰ100λԺʿ䶨ΧĳЩԺʿ
ѡ˺ԺʿƶȵҲݸһ䡣עĿǣ200511
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˺Ĺ㷺ע

һͨеƶȣҹ˾޴飿ҹԺʿƶȵ֢
ڣӦѰ֮ԺʿƶɻرܵһЩ⣬
˵硣Īһǡ׷йԺʿƶȵݱ֣
ʧףϣԻش档


һԺԺʿƵĽ

йִѧֲѧչģԺʿƶҲй
еĲ19ҶѧйԺʿƶȵĽһ
ꡣйִѧչ˻ĸԭ򣬾Կѧֲ֧
峯ĩ꣬ʶ֮ʿʦ֮ġѧ¾ȹ
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лҲִϵĿѧҡ꣬սѧ
չҲûļƻй뼯ȨĹȣв֯
Ϊǿ֧֣ѧͺзչĻ[顢
ڣ2004]ˣϾ֮󣬲Ԫࡢ孵ƶ
оԺ1928꣩ȡ˷ѧԺģʽǾоʵĹҿ
ѧԺоԺͨһϵоչѧойѧҵ
ְҵȫѧӢѡƸԱ[1]1935ᣬ
ʹ֮Ϊȫѧء

оԺĳйѧƻһҪɾ͡ƸԱ
ʸѡϸѧ׼ѡٳ򣬴Ӷ֤ѡԱǹ
Ķѧߡְܣѧ룻ٽѧƾԺ
ѡ˵ȣʹָ֮ȫѧоԼѧо֮Ե
Ҫ[ʱΰ2003ҳ191]ڴ˻ϣɵڶ֣
1948оԺ׽Ժʿѡ١

оԺ׽Ժʿѡʱֵս/Թ֮ʣʶ֮ʿѡ
ܷ˳вǣȻϵسɹƾԭ򣬻
ϾĹھƣʹѧ֮εصĸŷ
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Ӷȷѡٵ˳С

Ժ׽ԺʿѡִйѧѡѧӢһ䷶־
йѧ[𺣣]׽ԺʿѡʹԺ
ơùȨڴ½̨йͼУо
ԺȾɻ죬֮׵ԺʿƶȾʹϡ³й
ѧԺʵейͳһ쵼µĿơ


ѧѧίԱ

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ѧίԱơΪͽȫȫѧ쵼ģѧҲμ
ѧԺѧ쵼ʹȫѧоͿѧҵķչܸݹҪ
֯мƻؽСȡҪʩ[3]ڵõйԺ׼
֮ѧ19546¿ʼﱸ19556ʽͬʱʼѧ
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ҵĹԼҵѧίԱѡȻ˿ѧҵ
ƼйصЭ̾ġ[Ѧʸޣ1999]

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Ǻܴġ1955꣬йѧԺﱸѧʱ֮ԳѧίԱԺʿ
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ͬʱѧίԱֻһƺţҪҪǳейѧԺ
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ҲƸΪѧίԱѧίԱʸѧ֮⣬Ҳһα׼
ѧίԱƸΣҪԺ׼˶ǿйѧ
ͳһ쵼

ѧίԱְҲ;ǰоԺԺʿ
оԺԺʿ81ˣȥĿѧ28ˣƼרֻ53ˡ
1955꣬ѧʱһѧίԱΪ233ˣѧѧѧίԱ61
ˣڿѧίԱΪ172ˣƸ18ˣﵽ190ˡѧ
ίԱǰԺԺʿ3.6ϵļ߰
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ѧҵȡľٴ룬ѭƣȻӦģ
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Ҫã˵ִйƼҵĵˡ

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޵ġ緮ҵָйѧԺѧȻ˵ǶԺо
ʵжԿڵѧ쵼ѧίֻͷЩ¡δüͬ衣
ѧİ칫ҲѸɱΪԺеҵš[ҵ2005]
ˣڶѧίԱ˵ѧίԱһƺҪԵġ1957
ƸѧίԱѧɾΪʸ׼һҲɸż

ѧίԱתΪһƺţѧѧίԱƶȵߵĳԣ
ȻȻԡйѧԺ쵼УѧԺ顢鳤ѧ
鴦19567³ƻֵй쵼иȨ
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κѧʱѧ쵼ȨһЩԱһЩѧ
ίѧҪ٣ǵ֪ʶ֮仹ڸңǰ߶
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ѧ·ߺ͡ΰ졢족˶11λɵĿƼרұ
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ˣѧίԱΪѧȨ[7]
///ѧίԱĳƺҲʵˡ


ѧĻָ1980ѧίԱѡ

ĸ󣬿ѧִᵽˡĸִҵҪλ
áȫѧٿ֮ĵڶ꣬19791£йͬ⣬ѧ
ѧԭְȨҲܿõָ[8]ʱԭеĿѧѧ
ίԱѴ172˼ԱΪ117ˣƽ73ꡣˣѧίԱԳʵ
ͽȫѧΪ֮19795£Ժ׼йѧԺ
ѧίԱı棬ѡ漴չ

йѧԺƻͨѡʹѧίԱﵽ300ңҲ˵
ƻԼ185[9]ʵʵĲУΪ˳ʵѧո
ѧҲѧ쵼ѧίԱ־Ϊ330
[10]Ѧʸޣ1999Cao Cong,2004,pp.64-64աйѧԺѧίԱ
취[11]Ĺ涨ȫѧίԱ޼ͶƱƱ֮
߿ԵѡʵԵƱߵѡ283ѧί
Աﵽ400

ǰѧƶȲͬԺʿƶȡѧίԱҪейѧԺͬ
εѧ쵼ԺʿҪһѧһ㲻صѧ쵼
ߵѧ׼ҲǲһġաйѧԺѧίԱ취涨
йѧԺѧҹѧɡоԱڡʹ̼
Ա൱ˮƽߣзḻרҵ֪ʶڿѧоҪ
빱ߣѡΪѧίԱ[12]עѧίԱҪǡ㡱
ǡ׿Խ족

ѡѧίԱͬʱйѧԺҲʼֽԺʿƶȡ19807£
йѧԺйѧԺԺݳˡڽԺʿƶȵʾ
桷͡йѧԺйѧԺԺʿݰ涨Ժ
ʿǸҹ׿ԽѧҵҹߵѧƺţΪְơ
ʾ桷ȷһԺʿΪ200ˣѧԺ
ʿҲ˵ƻѡѧίԱһ[13]ɴ˿ɼ
еԺʿѧ׼ҪѧίԱ߳١źǣԭһ
ʱˡ

1979-1980ѧίԱѡڲҷ˼룬֪ʶ
ӻԵ½еġѧίԱѡѧְܵĻָ
µ֪ʶߵ֣ҲйѧԺʵ̽ѧ쵼»
ƣʹѧҲѧԺ쵼;ߵһֳԡ

һѧίԱġѡ١19811£Ǵ
пԺ͡ڳйѧԺѧίԱı桷ʱΪҪ
һЩʵѧѧ߽ѧίԱ֮УѧίԱҲ
ԶһЩʱѧԺ쵼Ϊѧʷ״ѡٲµѧ
ίԱǰչԺ׼취涨ĳģֻ
ǴһѡٽûҪйѧԺ
е[Ѧʸޣ1999]19813£283˵ѡԺ׼
˴ѧίԱƽΪΪ62.8꣬55µռ14%
50ѧίԱ18ˣС41ꡣŮѧίԱӹȥ1ӵ15ˡ
ѧίԱ25ţרҵӹ㷺[ҵ1999ҳ263]

19815£йѧԺٿ˵ĴѧίԱᣬȷѧίԱ
йѧԺ߾߻ѡйѧԺϯţйѧԺϯ
ԱѡԺ͸ԺйѧԺ쵼ϵһδ
ѧίԱѧ쵼ȨһơδϣͨˡйѧԺ
³̡͡йѧԺѧ򡷡һ³̣ѧְҪ

ԱѧΧڵԺоʵѧ쵼һĿй
оķͿмƻоĹ֯Э
ҪĿ֯ҪĹں͹ѧҪгɹ
оԱ൱оԱĸ߼Աְƣˡơķ䷽ʹ
顢顣

ŽԺйؿѧңͨѧоʿѧ
չƣо໥ϵͺӦĻ
ӦûоĿƶѧƵķչٽ˲ŵĳɳ

֯йصĿѧңִеشѧ
顣

ѧίԱϯȹ档[14]

³̡涨ѧɱѧίԱѡٲѧίԱʮ
ʮˣѧľѧίίԱ꣬ѡһΡѧ
ίԱѡѧһˣˡѧй
ѧԺԺѧ費ѧίԱĸһˣЭѧν
ҵѧѧˣþɵİ»

һ³̣ѧԺԺؽеѧΪԺҪѧ
ӵкҪְȨҲҪ൱صĹѧѧ
Ϊòо29Ա12951ˣпԱ3700ˣ
̼Ա4711ˣ1976101980еĿп1289[15]1981
51983꣬ѧоϽɽ̨4л
֯ʵʩ12شĿȷѧѧѧѧѧƵķչ
ߣԺйص⣬֯˲ֿйĿһѧ
𣬳ѧλίԱᣬ˲ʿλйصʦʸ񣬿ʼ
1986-2000гڿƼչ滮֯ٿ50ѧ飬⻹ܹ
ҿίίиȫȻѧйĿ[16]˷صĹʹѧ
ѧίظ˼רְĹɲһƶʵʩ
ãʮͻΪ̡

19841£¬ԺйѧԺѧίԱϵĹ
ָ

ѧίԱʺ񣬸ݵĴѧίԱͨġй
ѧԺ³̡Ĺ涨ѧίԱйѧԺ߾߻йѧ
ԺϯѧίԱջڼľ߻ٵѧίѧ
ίԱοеϣڿѧԺĸõط
ǵѧרΪҵĿƼṩѯͬʱʵʹҲ֣
ѧίԱϯŵĳԱԺ⣬ҪǶԿѧԺҵ
ߣرɲ⡢ѷ⣬ҪύϯŻ۾Ҳ
ȷѡ[17]

Щ⣬ԺƼ쵼С칫֯ĵйѧԺ
о֮й͹Ժ飺ȷйѧԺѧίԱ
йѧԺϯŲǿѧԺľ߻ѧίԱȻǹڿѧ
ƺšѧίԱҪǽѧѯй
ѧԺϯŵְǣͨѧίԱʽ֯ѧίԱо
ҵĿѧչִеĿѧ⣬Щƶ
ѯԿѧԺشѧָйѧԺʵԺ
ƣԺѡɹԺȫ˴ί⡱
[18]һܿõ׼ӴˣйѧԺ쵼ƸΪԺƣ
ѧίԱΪڿѧѯѧίԱǹ
ѧƺšȻһתҪǴ˳ѧԺ쵼
۵[19]ӺҲѧίԱɵԺʿƵһҪٴ롣
Ҫȵ1993ѧίԱŸĳԺʿӴˣѧίԱͨеԺʿƶڱ
ϲûвֻǳƺͬѡ

һ80ڣй͹ԺȷҹĿѧչ
ָ룬ǡýҪѧƼҪ򾭼ý衱
1983꣬йǴȷйѧԺķӦǣǿӦ
оѡزμӷչӻо[20]£
йѧԺȥδӶ⡣1987йѧԺˡҪ
Ա֯Ϊ񾭼ýսͬʱһ֧»о
͸߼١һµİԺ룬ӦҺͨͣ
ѧҵͣͣѧоʮѵƣѧҵԼ
٣ձˡ嵹ҡ󡣾ݱͳƾ1988飬30깤
֪ʶӣ붼ͬͶ[ǿ1996]ձ
㵼ĲģĲͷġеĸѧίԱ
òѲһѧίԱһƺšļֵҲ
ֵˡ֣ѧίԱ1980ѡ֮ж10ԭ[
ȫ2002ҳ340Cao Cong, 2004,p.66-67]


ġ  ѧίԱԺʿ

1990꣬ѧίԱ仯1980ѡʱΪأ322ѧ
ίԱƽѳ75ꡣΪˣ֯1980ѧίԱѡ
Ǯǿ19905¸ԺдŽѡѧίԱ[ȫ2003
515-516ҳ]ͬ⣬ͬ6£йѧԺ͹ҿίԺ
ˡѡйѧԺѧίԱʾ͡йѧԺѧίԱѡ취
ʾѧίԱԼ200ˣѡУҪֱ׼
Ϊ˱֤ѧרҽѧίԱУѡ취
涨ڸѧʽѡУ60µӦ֮һ
Ժ׼һ͡ѡ취ͬʱ׼ѡÿһΣ
ƶȻ淶ƻ2000꣬ѧίԱٹ750[21]

ѧίԱı׼ʸ񣬡ѡ취йѧԺѧҹ
ѧɡйѧԺѧίԱǹڿѧѧƺţ
гߵѧϵȨԡĳһѧϵͳġԵ
ѧɾͺشףͻĿѧˮƽоԱڻ൱оԱ
ְƵĸ߼ƼרңѡΪйѧԺѧίԱ[22]취ȷ
ѡΪƼѡѡٹĸУƶйس͹
ѡٽԺ׼Ч˴ѡʱһࡣ300λѧί
Ա43ί26ʡ169оλ181ߵԺУԼ
100һѧƼͳѡЧѡ1079ͶƱѡٳ210λ
ѧίԱ[ҵ1999ҳ339]ѧ38ˣѧ35ˣѧ
34ˣѧ35ˣѧ68ˡ19911226գѡԺ
ʽ׼ʽ

1990ѧίԱѡҹԺʿƶȽеһҪת۵㡣
ѧίԱѡʵƶȻ͹淶ȷһȽѡ1992꣬
ѧƶˡйѧԺѧίԱ³̡ѧίԱĳƺšѡٳ
⼮ѧίԱѡٳѧְܺѧίԱᡢ쵼
˹涨³һȷÿһȽѧίԱѡ涨ÿѡ
ʮѧѡϯȷˣѧίԱת
ΪԺʿѺֻ֮ʣƵıѡ

νԺʿƶȣǰ1980йѧԺȷ
롣198412Ǵ۾йԺʿƶȣй
ѧԺѧίԱƺŸΪԺʿйѧԺѧϯִϯϼôȡٻ
¬⡢Ǯѧɭ漴19851±ʾӵһЩ[ҵ1999
ҳ360]ǰ1980ѡѧίԱʱѧίԱѧʸҪҪ
еԺʿʸ񣬵ʱһԺʿѧΪ200ˣѧ
ίԱһ롣ˣѧίԱתΪԺʿƶʱǷѧίԱһ
תΪԺʿڽϴ飬ҲһЩ취ֱ1994й͹
ԺйѧԺѧίԱĳйѧԺԺʿѧίԱԺʿ
ȵתŸɡ

ӦָһȻìܣҲ˲ԵĹ
ѧίԱһתΪԺʿҲ;ҹԺʿĹģϴѡҲ϶࣬
ƱؽԺʿѧʸ׼ԺʿѧԼԺʿѡе
ԺʿƺŵĳܲЩ⣬ȫԿѧ
ӣͻơ


塢ԺʿģԺʿƵı

ѧίԱ1991ѡ֮¼شﵽ528ˡ˺й
ѧԺԺʿ5ѡÿѡӽ60֮ף2003ףйѧ
ԺԺʿﵽ688ˡ

19946£йѧԺеߴԺʿͬʱйԺ
йԺԺʿΪҹڹ̼ѧƺš1994꣬
Ժһ96Ժʿ30йѧԺԺʿ(ν
˫Ժʿ)ΪѡԺʿ꣬йԺѡ216ԺʿԺʿ
309ˡ1997йԺѡ116Ժʿ1999꣬ٴѡ113ˣ2001
꣬81Ժʿ2003꣬ٴѡ58ˣԺԺʿﵽ663ˡ
Ҳ˵ڶ̶̵ʮ֮ڣйԺԺʿﵽйѧԺԺʿ൱
ģ

1991굽2003ʮ䣬ҹԺʿﵽ1300ˣ1980
ѡ3࣬Խ˴1955굽1980ģͬʱȫ
ڿƼͽӣԺʿ۲ǣԺʿΪ׷ǡ
ԺʿĹٱλУԺȽѧص쵼
ŵĹԱ˾ԺʿͷεƵƵѡԺʿѧʸ
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¶Ժʿٽһѧƺţƫ䱾塣
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ԺʿӵһȨҽܸⱾֵ
͹ҶԸ߼֪ʶӵչˣΪġһЩԺʿٵʡУҽ
ϣԺʿҲܸʡԺʿٲȻΪһµĶص
Ȩײ㡣ԺʿǨš뾭ѡȷ
ȨγɳĺͲĵƶȡ

ǶԺʿ׷Ժʿ˸һѧƺŵһְơԺ
УԺʿһҪָ꣬뷽跨ԺʿеѧУʵʩԺʿ
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ʤö١ԺʿʵְͼְԶԶһ80ѧ
ίӰǴ¿ҵʱ;ⲢǴ
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Ժʿйصѧʱ֡ѧʧأ
ܾԺʿѧ϶ϽģΪʣȻҲмԺʿæ
Ӧͬʱָѧܶ࣬Ҳ١һ
ѧŪٻϮԣԺʿ׵塣һѧ
Ŷǲ֮ԺʿҲǺɱġ

Ժʿѡ鲻ϣΪ㷺עĻ⡣ҪΪԺʿѡĹ
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ȣҹ߲εĿƼ˲żΪȱ£ʶȫӿƼĽ죬
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Σٱλûгָת䣬ԺʿһЩȨ
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ԺʿͿƼʵĹʱȽ

Ժʿı׼йѧԺԺʿ³̡Ҫ󣺡ڿѧ
ϵͳġԵĳɾͺشףȰѧɣй
оԱڻְͬƵѧߡרңסر̨ʡ
ŵȾйѧߡרңɱƼѡΪйѧԺԺʿ
йԺ³̡ԺʿʸҪҲǡڹ̿ѧشġ
Եĳɾͺ͹ס

ܲͬ˶ԡϵͳԡش󡱺͡ԡвͬ⣬
׼ܸߣͨеı׼һµġձѧʿԺҪԱǡڿѧ
ѧϹͻߡѧԺĻԱʸڡѧ͹ͻ
ԵԭоӢʼѧԱڿѧ̺ҽѧɫ
Ӣѧҡ

Ϊ˱֤Ժʿʸĸˮ׼ȡӦİ취粻ϸĽԺʿ
ѡ취ܼ顢ϵصӰ죬һԺʿ
ģеĹңϸ涨ԺʿֿȱſձѧʿԺ
ԱΪ150ˣȥѡ4ˣ14նĹҿѧԺ
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ˮƽԺʿʸ׼ϣҹһԹˮƽ
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࣬ҹĿƼˮƽ

۹ʿƼ磬Ͳѷ֣йԺʿʵ̫ˣҹƼ
չˮƽܲơ

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1949150136˻ԱѧԱ64ˣƼ
ԱΪ72ˡ200412£ձѧʿԺѡٳ4λ»Աλǿ
רҡ

Ҳ˵йԺʿ֮һӢԶ࣬ձĽ20


Ҳ˻˵4000Ժʿ˿Ĺңй
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ĵλΣɴһǰӢȻ־һݵ֪
[King,2004]Thomson ISIǰISIƼϢоͳƣڷ
Ľ϶31УǷоĹңҲǷˮƽ
Ĺңָ궼ңңȡ19931997꣬1248773
ƪռȫ37.46%19972001깲1265808ƪռͬ
ȫ34.86%ĵҲߣģTop 1% 
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͸ڶձ
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ٿҹо֡19931997깲68661ƪռȫ
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Ҫ

1  19932001ӢաĹоĵıȽ
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		%		%		%		%
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ձ	289,751	8.69	336,858	9.28	2,086	6.03	2,609	6.9
й	68,661	2.06	115,339	3.18	153	0.44	375	0.99
ԴNature, vol. 430, 312, 15 July, 2004

Ͽɼ19932001꣬йо7.32%Ӣ
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ǵͬѧƵԣȴ۹ѧˮƽȨϡҹ
ˮƽоĵаٱϵĲ࣬ӢձҲʮĲ
ࡣʾ10ҹƼչˮƽҲһµġ֪
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ĽȱҼһȽ1997ȱר
SCI1991-2002¼йоĵݺָй½
巢չˮƽȻڸٵ״̬ԭԵĹơԡо
٣δγ[2004]

ҹԺʿļ󳬹ͬҹƼչˮƽ
ȻҹԺʿƽʸҪӢյȹԺʿˮƽ
ѧϵĳɾͳͬһΡеԺʿ˵ҹԺʿˮƽ
ѧĸˮƽ˻Ȼ̲ȴҲȫǼƫ֮
ΪԺʿ࣬һЩѧˮƽر߻ǵѡˡ޳³Ժʿ˵
˵ѡԺʿΪҾڻֱ˵Ȼܶ
ѡˡ[25] 


  ĸԺʿƶȿ̲ݻ

Ͽ֪ѧίԱԺʿкܴĲ졣ԺԺʿѧίԱѧ
ʸҪ󽵵Ͳ٣19801991ѧίԱѡѧʸȻ
ѧίԱһתΪԺʿʹҹԺʿѧʸԽϵͣҲࡣ
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Ժʿ׼Ķ֮һǶѧգ̳ѧܡԺʿʸ
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ĸԺʿƶۣЧġ

ѧҹִҵе֮أžصá
ĸƣӴͶ룬ҹڿѧȡ˽ϴ
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ҹѧˮƽԺʿ𵽱áֹͨеʸ
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ѧĿǰѾһйѧƼ˲ųɳΪաŷ
ƼҺ͵Ŀк͹мᣬУһ˳Ϊһ
ĿѧҺ͹ʦйѧԺйԺԺʿУ
ҹԺʿˮƽĽݾҲΪǴΪƼҵһ
Ҫ

50ǰй֮뷽跨һѧعΪ
ѸٳΪйƼĶһǡԪѫУ
ĿǰԺԺʿˡûǣҹĿƼҵܹ
20塢ʮʵֿԽչЩƼԪ˳һ֮ڱ
ĸﶯɵ˲Ŷϲ㣬ֻдѧ˲ŷֲ
Ӧ˵Щ꣬ƼԴ൱ӵģҲһЩ˲š
Ϊԭĸ߼˲Ż̫٣ϵֲҪ
ıݻдƼϻϰ

ϣйطпŵ̬Ƿĵʶһеȣ
ԼһʱθкͽȸС벻һ˲ţ뷽跨ס
ţ˲ţΪǴʩչŻĹ̨ѧĽ
ȫ淢չƼƸĸϳ˲ʹƶȣĸ
ĿйƣʹЩйʿƼһˮƽĻ˿Ƽ˲ųΪ
ԺԺʿҪɲ֣ǳΪйƼмΩ
ˣʵҹƼҵĿԽչͿɳչʷʱ
Ļʱذʱ縺ʷΡ

־лл޼Ůʿṩ
 

ο

Cao Cong 2004. Chinas Scientific Elite, London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
ҵ 1999. йѧԺʷ1949-1999.ϺƼ.
ҵ 2005. Ժʿƶ߱.ѧʱ200566.
ȫ 2002. Ǯǿ. ϣɽ.
ȫ 2003 .Ǯǿ. ϣɽ.
顢 2004. ѧͳйѧҵִ. ѧĻۡ
1.
 . 1948оԺһԺʿѡ.Ȼѧʷо.
David A. King 2004.The scientific impact of nations, Nature, vol.430, 
311-316, 15 July, 2004.
ǿ 1996. 嵹ҡҹг÷չ׶.ѧ
.1996(6):7-9
Ѧʸ 1999. 20ǰпԺ״ѡѧίԱʵ.׻ƴ1999
11.
 2004 .SCIйѧо֮ʱȽ.ѧѧо.2004
.
 

ע

[1] һƸԱ30ˣоԺԺ11ΪȻ
Ա

[2] ݹ[]оԺʿѡٵĳɴΪ涨ѡʸ
ＰﱸѧѧԺרѧἰ
ʹﱸﱸѡ
ﱸὫҪύͶƱ
ѡͶƱѡԺʿѡٳʱѡٹ̡İ취

[3] ĭԺйѧԺѧϵĿĻʣ195561գ
ѧԺ걨19551ҳйѧԺѧ鴦ӡ1956ꡣ

[4] йѧԺ걨1955182-183ҳ

[5] 1957꣬ѧѧѧĳơѧѧѧѧѧΪ
ѧ͵ѧѧѧ쵼

[6] ǮաࡶйѧԺϣ88ҳй磬1994ꡣ

[7] .ڼǿѧԺ,йѧԺ
198031ҳйѧԺ칫ӡ1982ꡣѧԺ170λ
ѧң130˱ΪѧȨϽţ/
μȺ࣬Ʒҫһ424ҳ
硢йʷ磬2005ꡣ

[8] ͬϣ31-32ҳ

[9] йѧԺѧǰʾ棬йѧԺ걨1979
210-212ҳйѧԺ칫ӡ1982ꡣ

[10] йѧԺ걨198031ҳǰѦʸġ

[11] йѧԺ걨1979212-213ҳ

[12] йѧԺ걨1979212ҳйѧԺ칫ӡ1982ꡣ

[13] йѧԺ걨198072-73ҳ

[14] йѧԺ걨1981247ҳйѧԺ칫ӡ1982ꡣ

[15] ޸йѧԺѧѧ棬йѧԺ걨1981
84-93ҳ

[16] йѧԺѧѧ棬йѧԺ걨198446-55ҳ
йѧԺ칫ӡ1985ꡣ

[17] ¬йѧԺѧίԱϵĹ棨198415
գйѧԺ걨1984꡷28-29ҳ

[18] йѧԺ걨198429ҳ

[19]  νʺйѧȻһؽо
⣬ڴ˲׸

[20] йѧԺ걨198424ҳ

[21] йѧԺ걨1990281-284ҳйѧԺ칫ӡ1991ꡣ

[22] йѧԺ걨1990285ҳ

[23] 죬ҹƼıϵͳ¼йƼ
ɹ200520ڡ

[24] õ2005ݡ

[25] 裬޳³ƼʿϷĩ20041125ա

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