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С׷ݵ
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ԭķڡѧ728գӷ룩

д˵ұ˶ԺԵ¡Ĵѧйѧ
ܵѧָء(News of the Week, 28 Apr., p. 511)Ŀ

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˺
˷մѧԴ

Science 28 July 2006:
Vol. 313. no. 5786, p. 440
DOI: 10.1126/science.313.5786.440b
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Letters

Questions About Mass Spectrometry Data

I am writing to express my personal concerns about Hao Xin's article 
"University clears Chinese biophysicist of misconduct" (News of the 
Week, 28 Apr., p. 511).
On 19 April, Hao sent me an interview request regarding an alleged 
misconduct case against Xiao-Qing Qiu of Sichuan University. According 
to Hao, Qiu had told her that the mass spectrometric analysis (MS) I 
did for his project verified his hypothesis that there was a 
"thiolactone ring" present in the protein pheromonicin. Hao asked me 
to explain to her in lay terms what I did and what the significance of 
this ring was. Hao's email brought to my attention Qiu's paper, "An 
engineered multidomain bactericidal peptide as a model for targeted 
antibiotics against specific bacteria" (1). Reading the paper, I found 
that data from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 
analysis were used to confirm the presence of the thiolactone ring in 
pheromonicin (p. 1481). I told Hao that I performed an MS analysis for 
Qiu at his request in 2003, but the results of the analysis I 
performed do not support the findings of the above-referenced article.

Qiu's stated interest with regard to the sample he provided to me in 
2003 was, as above, in confirming the presence of the thiolactone ring 
in pheromonicin. On the basis of my memory and saved documents, his 
samples did not contain peptides at the predicted peptide masses 
within the mass measurement accuracy of the instrument or any masses 
matching the tryptic peptides of pheromonicin. I informed Qiu of this 
finding in early July of 2003. I do not know how Qiu obtained the MS 
data for his paper. However, I explained explicitly to Hao that the MS 
data presented in the paper have high mass measurement errors and 
should not have been used in the paper even if they were observed in 
mass spectra. The ultimate proof, of course, will be the reproducible 
production of the functional polypeptide based on Qiu's protocol.

Haiteng Deng
The Proteomics Resource Center
The Rockefeller University
1230 York Avenue
New York, NY 10021, USA
E-mail: dengh@rockefeller.edu

Reference

X.-Q. Qiu, Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 1480 (2003). 

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ѧ׫˺С

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˺ںԺԺܲ˵I told Hao that...I explained 
explicitly to Hao...ôҪоȻˡĴ
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˿ûṩˡҸѧ
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According to Hao, Qiu had told her that the mass spectrometric 
analysis (MS) I did for his project verified his hypothesis...

I do not know how Qiu obtained the MS data for his paper...

(XYS20060730)

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ǵְƺѧλƶô

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֣

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оˡȣԸ߷屾˺ɮ˱첢
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·ĳ־źˣŮ꣬ѾٴͿ
о幤ź촦ȴͿƼĹԱϵУԸ߷д
һļϣʩչǮ⽻ǵϵϱʡ
ԺȺͨܳɹ쵼ͼרңջúʡ
2004ȿгɹһȽԥ[2004]03467

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ߣ

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200Ԫ
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ҹؽ趨Ϊ1/ܡȾв
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֪ҹؽ׼ƶҪݴؽ
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ݶƶġǲCAC/FAO/WHOƼı׼ôGB15618-95綨
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ܵؽȾ˵Ҳվסŵġı׼
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ҹߺũҵչ߲ѧǹҡΪ˸
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«˵ĿǰҹܵؽȾҵˮ˼·
йءĿ֪˶ٽڡ˲Ժʿ

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˻ŵĻܡũҵܴȫ
ΧɳƵˮܸӪţʲôȾ̫Ⱦ޷
⣬ũҵɳչʳƷȫũҵ⡣˻ȫ
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ũҵɳչ⡢ʳƷȫԴͷпѧѾ
˿2-4·ݼӲ̸һЩ·˻ȫΧڻ
⡱ѾΪFAOUNEPUNDPworld Bankȹй֯෢
չйμҡѧҡƶߵĹʶʲôȾ
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ȫΧ˻¿ָʾĻInternet google һ
£ѵóۡźǣĿǰΧΧĻţһЩԺʿѧ
ߡڲ¾ѧ֪ʶйʵʣ
ҹ˻Ͼʵؽ޸Ϊ
ֵȾǹңҲˡ֥飬
ϡ֮Σ

5ھʧҹ񾭼÷չʧ󣬽ش󾭼ʧ
ڹ͹ʷöʤ١ӡϿӡԾġأĶ
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ڡҽдҽѧԺҽҩѧѧһš

docsong

Ĳʵ,Ϊ.

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Ҳ̸ȡ˹̹ۣһ

wangyu

HookleeṩһЩڰ˹̹ȵġزġϧв
ǣЩزġڱ棨ҲǴҶ֪Ķûнʾ
̵Ķ˹̹ǷǶõȱ任˵ȵĹ
׶԰˹̹۹ж 

磬Hooklee ṩġȷɡĹʶ˺Mayflyû飻
Hookleeṩġ˵ûһȷĽۣҺ
MayflyִҪŪĵطHookleeṩַڵĶ߿
ϡ

Ͻ棬ǳ˷ѾΪҪԭʼ׿ʼȥ֤Ļ
һƪѧʷרҵ˶ʿʿˡұ˵ʲôǵ
˿ڵǰҲӰһվ汻󵼵ĻӰ컹
ͦģرױĳЩĵƻ򷴿ѧĻáԱ
ȨĴе߰ٿȫΪԴ˵˹̹Ƶȱ任
ǲοԼ˵Ĺڲڵõе߰ٿ
ȫ飬޷ãʽٿȫԭʼĺ󣩡Ӣѡ
԰ٿȫԭģΪд

ȿȱ任

1: Lorentz transformations (ȱ任ȫ)

set of equations in relativity physics that relate the space and time 
coordinates of two systems moving at a constant velocity relative to 
each other. Required to describe high-speed phenomena approaching the 
speed of light, Lorentz transformations formally express the 
relativity concepts that space and time are not absolute; that length, 
time, and mass depend on the relative motion of the observer; and that 
the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and independent of the 
motion of the observer or the source. The equations were developed by 
the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in 1904. See also Galilean 
transformations.

ӢĲ,עһ仰˵Щequations ɺѧ
developedġûᰮ˹̹ʲô£˶óĽ
ۣôȨĴеӦᵽһ䰮˹̹ҲƵЩequations

2Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon ȣݣ

Dutch physicist and joint winner (with Pieter Zeeman) of the Nobel 
Prize for Physics in 1902 for his theory of electromagnetic radiation, 
which, confirmed by findings of Zeeman, gave rise to Albert Einstein's 
special theory of relativity. 

һ䣬 gave rise ˹̹ۡGave rise ô⣿
Ӣĸָ̡ǲ˼ȣۣ˰˹̹
ʹۣ֮

мʡԲ޹صİٿȫԭݣ

Lorentz' electron theory was not, however, successful in explaining 
the negative results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, an effort to 
measure the velocity of the Earth through the hypothetical 
luminiferous ether by comparing the velocities of light from different 
directions. In an attempt to overcome this difficulty he introduced in 
1895 the idea of local time (different time rates in different 
locations). 뿴Ⱦоʼ1895ꡣLorentz arrived at 
the notion that moving bodies approaching the velocity of light 
contract in the direction of motion. The Irish physicist George 
Francis FitzGerald had already arrived at this notion independently 
(see Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction, ע⣬George Francis 
FitzGerald ƴĽܶ£Ҳĵóۣ˶
ȱ任Ҫ֮һٿȫᵽ㡣and in 1904 Lorentz 
extended his work and developed the Lorentz transformations. These 
mathematical formulas describe the increase of mass, shortening of 
length, and dilation of time that are characteristic of a moving body 
and form the basis of Einstein's special theory of relativity. Щ
ʽform ˰˹̹۵ĻѾ˵úˡ
ȻᵽȡƴĽܶǲٿٿȫ

3Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction ȡƴĽܶȫģ

also called  space contraction,   in relativity physics, the 
shortening of an object along the direction of its motion relative to 
an observer. Dimensions in other directions are not contracted. The 
concept of the contraction was proposed by the Irish physicist George 
FitzGerald in 1889, and it was thereafter independently developed by 
Hendrik Lorentz of The Netherlands.Ҳᵽ˷ƴĽܶº
ԶصõˣĽۡ The Michelson-Morley experiment in 
the 1880s had challenged the postulates of classical physics by 
proving that the speed of light is the same for all observers, 
regardless of their relative motion. FitzGerald and Lorentz attempted 
to preserve the classical concepts by demonstrating the manner in 
which space contraction of the measuring apparatus would reduce the 
apparent constancy of the speed of light to the status of an 
experimental artifact. λĴ˵ͼھܣ
ţٵľϵͨνġռ͹⣨κһ
ԲϵٶȲʵʵᵽ˹̹ĸʱչ

In 1905 the German-American physicist Albert Einstein reversed the 
classical view by proposing that the speed of light is indeed a 
universal constant and showing that space contraction then becomes a 
logical consequence of the relative motion of different observers. 
Significant at speeds approaching that of light, the contraction is a 
consequence of the properties of space and time and does not depend on 
compression, cooling, or any similar physical disturbance. See also 
time dilation.λ˼˵˹̹ȫƷ˾ĹΪӦ
ðѡپһԸֹԲϵһɣ
ȱ任Ҫ֮һ˳µˣʵ
ոµ۵ڹˣеģѷģȱ任

4FitzGerald, George Francis ƴĽܶ£֣

physicist who first suggested a method of producing radio waves, thus 
helping to lay the basis of wireless telegraphy. He also developed a 
theory, now known as the LorentzCFitzGerald contraction, which 
Einstein used in his own special theory of relativity. Ҳᵽ
ҲdevelopedȡƴĽܶȱ任һҪݣ
ұ˹̹ۡ

Independently of Hendrik A. Lorentz of The Netherlands, FitzGerald 
studied the results of the MichelsonCMorley experiment (1887) and 
arrived at a similar conclusion. The experiment was an attempt to 
measure the Earth's motion relative to the pervasive luminiferous 
ether postulated as the medium within which light waves were propagated. 
The attempt failed to detect any such motion. In 1892 FitzGerald 
suggested that when in motion, a body is shorter (along its line of 
motion) than when at rest and that such a shortening, or contraction, 
affects the instruments used in the experiment. Lorentz arrived at 
this idea independently in 1895 and developed it considerably. λ
˵ǷƴĽܶ1892ˡĸбֲᵽ
1895ĵóͬĽۣȻʱ3ң
Ȼ֤ݱԭȲ֪ƴĽܶµĹҲõҵϿɣ
ԲŻдٿȫ顣A collection, The Scientific Writings of the 
Late George Francis FitzGerald, was published in 1902. 

ȻǻӦٿ˹̹ĴȻһ仰ûᵽ
ȱ任

ۣİٿȫ黹ǱȽϹģеĹײ©ûеҲ
ƾռϡ˹̹ȷʵǶƵȱ任ôѧ
任Ӧýȡ˹̹任һֵоǴ
1887MichelsonCMorley experiment˶ѷĪʵ飩ʼģΪ
͸ʵ;ȫ㣵ʵٶĹԲϵǳ
عʼڷƴĽܶºȣμӵպͰ˹̹ȡ
ʵϣ˹ֻ̹ոµ۵ڹˣеģѷģ
ȱ任⣬һҲӰ෴Թ۵㼰ۣ
۵ĽԺʵб֤ʵ൱ΰġ

ΪĳЩߣ뱾йصĴе߰ٿȫ
1Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
born July 18, 1853, Arnhem, Neth.
died Feb. 4, 1928, Haarlem
Dutch physicist and joint winner (with Pieter Zeeman) of the Nobel 
Prize for Physics in 1902 for his theory of electromagnetic radiation, 
which, confirmed by findings of Zeeman, gave rise to Albert Einstein's 
special theory of relativity. 
In his doctoral thesis at the University of Leiden (1875), Lorentz 
refined the electromagnetic theory of James C. Maxwell of England so 
that it more satisfactorily explained the reflection and refraction of 
light. He was appointed professor of mathematical physics at Leiden in 
1878. His work in physics was wide in scope, but his central aim was 
to construct a single theory to explain the relationship of electricity, 
magnetism, and light. Although, according to Maxwell's theory, 
electromagnetic radiation is produced by the oscillation of electric 
charges, the charges that produce light were unknown. Since it was 
generally believed that an electric current was made up of charged 
particles, Lorentz later theorized that the atoms of matter might also 
consist of charged particles and suggested that the oscillations of 
these charged particles (electrons) inside the atom were the source of 
light. If this were true, then a strong magnetic field ought to have 
an effect on the oscillations and therefore on the wavelength of the 
light thus produced. In 1896 Zeeman, a pupil of Lorentz, demonstrated 
this phenomenon, known as the Zeeman effect, and in 1902 they were 
awarded the Nobel Prize. 
Lorentz' electron theory was not, however, successful in explaining 
the negative results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, an effort to 
measure the velocity of the Earth through the hypothetical 
luminiferous ether by comparing the velocities of light from different 
directions. In an attempt to overcome this difficulty he introduced in 
1895 the idea of local time (different time rates in different 
locations). Lorentz arrived at the notion that moving bodies 
approaching the velocity of light contract in the direction of motion. 
The Irish physicist George Francis FitzGerald had already arrived at 
this notion independently (see Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction, and in 
1904 Lorentz extended his work and developed the Lorentz 
transformations. These mathematical formulas describe the increase of 
mass, shortening of length, and dilation of time that are 
characteristic of a moving body and form the basis of Einstein's 
special theory of relativity. In 1912 Lorentz became director of 
research at the Teyler Institute, Haarlem, though he remained honorary 
professor at Leiden, where he gave weekly lectures.
2FitzGerald, George Francis
born Aug. 3, 1851, Dublin
died Feb. 22, 1901, Dublin
physicist who first suggested a method of producing radio waves, thus 
helping to lay the basis of wireless telegraphy. He also developed a 
theory, now known as the LorentzCFitzGerald contraction, which 
Einstein used in his own special theory of relativity. 
FitzGerald became a tutor at Trinity College in Dublin in 1877 and 
professor of natural and experimental philosophy in 1881. From his 
studies of radiation he concluded that an oscillating electric current 
would produce electromagnetic waves. This finding was later verified 
experimentally by Heinrich R. Hertz of Germany and used in the 
development of wireless telegraphy. 
Independently of Hendrik A. Lorentz of The Netherlands, FitzGerald 
studied the results of the MichelsonCMorley experiment (1887) and 
arrived at a similar conclusion. The experiment was an attempt to 
measure the Earth's motion relative to the pervasive luminiferous 
ether postulated as the medium within which light waves were propagated. 
The attempt failed to detect any such motion. In 1892 FitzGerald 
suggested that when in motion, a body is shorter (along its line of 
motion) than when at rest and that such a shortening, or contraction, 
affects the instruments used in the experiment. Lorentz arrived at 
this idea independently in 1895 and developed it considerably. A 
collection, The Scientific Writings of the Late George Francis 
FitzGerald, was published in 1902.

3Einstein, Albert
born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germany
died April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
German-American physicist who developed the special and general 
theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for 
his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In the first 15 years of 
the 20th century, Einsteinrecognized in his own time as one of the 
most creative intellects in human historyadvanced a series of 
theories that proposed entirely new ways of thinking about space, time, 
and gravitation. His theories of relativity and gravitation were a 
profound advance over the old Newtonian physics and revolutionized 
scientific and philosophical inquiry. 
Herein lay the unique drama of Einstein's life. He was a 
self-confessed lone traveler; his mind and heart soared with the cosmos, 
yet he could not armour himself against the intrusion of the often 
horrendous events of the human community. Almost reluctantly he 
admitted that he had a passionate sense of social justice and social 
responsibility. His celebrity gave him an influential voice that he 
used to champion such causes as pacifism, liberalism, and Zionism. The 
irony for this idealistic man was that his famous postulation of an 
energy-mass equation, which states that a particle of matter can be 
converted into an enormous quantity of energy, had its spectacular 
proof in the creation of the atomic and hydrogen bombs, the most 
destructive weapons ever known.

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