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ӢȻҽѧ־20068 Vol12, 8867

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NATURE MEDICINE VOLUME 12 | NUMBER 8 | AUGUST 2006 867
Frequent cases force China to face up to scientific fraud

NEWS
Frequent cases force China to face up to scientific fraud

Six high-profile cases of scientific misconduct over eight months: for 
Chinas biomedical research, still struggling for global credibility, 
the frequent accusations of plagiarism, falsified data and fabricated 
resumes spell out a serious warningone that the government is 
finally preparing to heed.

Chinese universities have traditionally failed to investigate or even 
acknowledge cases of misconduct. But in early March, Beijing-based 
Tsinghua University fired Hui Liu, a professor of medicine, after he 
was found to have claimed another researchers papers as his own on 
his resum. Then, in late June, Tongji University in Shanghai 
dismissed Jie Yang, dean of the universitys school of life sciences, 
for allegedly stealing his colleagues data.

The Ministry of Education also in May set up a research ethics 
committee to discipline researchers, and the Ministry of Science and 
Technology has proposed measures such as the random selection of grant 
reviewers to combat nepotism. Most recently, Yong Shang, Chinas vice 
minister of science and technology, announced on 10 July that the 
ministry plans to set up an independent agency to monitor the research 
projects it funds.

In total, more than 10 cases of misconduct have surfaced in the past 
year in fields ranging from information technology to biomedical 
research. But research in the life sciences may be particularly 
susceptible to fraud because it is often difficult to reproduce exactly, 
says Shimin Fang, a former biochemistry researcher. Fang now runs a 
website called New Threads (www.xys.org) that lists allegations of 
fraud and identified five of the six cases, including that of Hui Liu.

In the rush to succeed, China has not set up a robust system to 
adequately manage and audit grants and to safeguard against misconduct, 
says Yigong Shi, professor of molecular biology at Princeton University. 
The pressure to secure grants may have led some scientists to 
fabricate research, he says.Previously, the funding and the level of 
competition in the field were much lower.

Chinas investment in life sciences has grown as much as 400% in the 
past five years to RMB13 billion (US$1.6 billion). Chinas large pool 
of patients and cheap skilled biotech researchers have been highly 
attractive for collaborators outside China, but the recent incidents 
have struck a note of caution for Chinese scientists abroad.

We have heard some rumors before, and with the cases, we would be 
particularly cautious when cooperating with our domestic counterparts, 
says Hong Lu, a researcher at Kansas University Medical Center.

To restore their confidence, the government should routinely 
investigate allegations of misconduct and openly discipline those 
found to be guilty, researchers say.

In the long term, adds Princetons Shi, China must also develop other 
measures of success rather than rely exclusively on publications in 
journals with high impact factors. When the funding and rewards are 
endowed to the true scientific excellence, he says, fraud in life 
science can be largely avoided.

Hepeng Jia, Beijing

(XYS20060811)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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ʽϴо𣬱Grant Number: 5R01DK053063-05ַ
ʾߴʮԪĿProject Title: SKIN-CNS-BLADDER 
REFLEX ARC FOR MICTURITION AFTER SCIspinal cord injury Ŀޣ
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ժҪabstract˵Ȥ䷢2005J UrolϵժҪĿΪ
CREATION OF A SOMATIC-AUTONOMIC REFLEX PATHWAY FOR TREATMENT OF 
NEUROGENIC BLADDER IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY: PRELIMINARY 
RESULTS OF FIRST 2 USA PATIENTS  by Christopher E Kelly, Chuan-Guo 
Xiao, Howard Weiner, Aleksandar Beric, Victor W Nitti, Herbert Lepor, 
New York, NYժҪ˵ǷR01DK053063ڴ˼ǵĻ
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ٴҪ7ʱ仨˰˶ʮԪŦԼ
ѧФӢдԭ棨original report)

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(1) ФNIHо(R01DK053063)

Grant Number: 5R01DK053063-05
PI Name: XIAO, CHUAN-GUO
PI Email: mailto:chuanguo.xiao@med.nyu.edu
PI Title:
Project Title: SKIN-CNS-BLADDER REFLEX ARC FOR MICTURITION AFTER SCI
Institution: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE NEW YORK, NY 10016
Fiscal Year: 2004
Department: UROLOGY
Project Start: 30-SEP-1999
Project End: 31-DEC-2006
ICD: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES
IRG: ZRG1
Source: 
http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/CRISP_LIB.getdoc?textkey=6698512&p_gran
t_num=5R01DK053063-05&p_query=&ticket=23631638&p_audit_session_id=1157
81711&p_keywords=


Source: NIH (NIDDK) R01 DK 53063 01A2 (Human study)
Title: Skin CNS Bladder reflex pathway for micturition.
Amount: $2,423,082 (direct costs)
Period: 9/1999 9/2004
Source: 
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia6/xiaochuanguo11.txt


(2) PUBMED20068¼֮ǰФ, Ŀ

Published papers after 1999 (total=10 including English written 5 , 
Chinese written 4 and German 1)


English Written (total=5)

1: Li WC, Xiao CG. Anorectal functions in patients with lumbosacral 
spinal cord injury. Chin J Traumatol. 2006 Aug;9(4):217-22. PMID: 
16848993 [pubmed - in process]

Funding agent: Full-text paper not available on Web

2: Xiao CG. Reinnervation for neurogenic bladder: historic review and 
introduction of a somatic-autonomic reflex pathway procedure for 
patients with spinal cord injury or spina bifida. Eur Urol. 2006 
Jan;49(1):22-8; discussion 28-9. Epub 2005 Nov 2. Review. PMID: 
16314037 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

Supported by grants from: The National Key Basic Research Program of 
China (2003CB515300); The Ministry of Public Health of China (Major 
Clinical Trial Grant); Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 
39925033); and NIH (R01 DK44877 and R01 DK53063).

Funding agent: including NIH R01DK053063

3: Xiao CG, Du MX, Li B, Liu Z, Chen M, Chen ZH, Cheng P, Xue XN, 
Shapiro E, Lepor H. An artificial somatic-autonomic reflex pathway 
procedure for bladder control in children with spina bifida.
J Urol. 2005 Jun;173(6):2112-6. PMID: 15879861 [pubmed - indexed for 
medline]

Supported by Grant 2003CB515300 from National Key Basic Research 
Program of China, major clinical trial grant from Ministry of Public 
Health of China and Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 
39925033.

Funding agent: none NIH

4: Dai CF, Xiao CG. Electrophysiological monitoring and identification 
of neural roots during somatic-autonomic reflex pathway procedure for 
neurogenic bladder. Chin J Traumatol. 2005 Apr;8(2):74-6. PMID: 
15769303 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

Funding agent: no listed

5: Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW, de Groat WC. An artificial 
somatic-central nervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for 
controllable micturition after spinal cord injury: preliminary results 
in 15 patients. J Urol. 2003 Oct;170(4 Pt 1):1237-41. PMID: 14501733 
[pubmed - indexed for medline]

Supported by Grants NSFC39740037, 39830370 and 39925033 from the 
National Scientific Foundation of China, and the Major Clinical Trial 
Grant of Health Ministry of China (1997).

Funding agent: none NIH


Non-English written (total=5)

6: Liu Z, Liu CJ, Hu XW, Du MX, Xiao CG. [an electrophysiological 
study on the artificial somato-autonomic pathway for inducing voiding] 
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005 May 25;85(19):1315-8. Chinese. PMID: 
16029629 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

Funding agent: not found (Chinese written)

7: Sievert KD, Xiao CG, Hennenlotter J, Seibold J, Merseburger AS, 
Kaminskie J, Nagele U, Stenzl A. [voluntary micturition after 
intradural nerve anastomosis] Urologe A. 2005 Jul;44(7):756-61. Review. 
German. PMID: 15959611 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

Funding agent: not found (German written )


8: Pang ZL, Xiao CG, Zeng PQ, Lu GC, Zhang QJ. [ureteroscopic holmium: 
yag laser lithotripsy for managing urinary tract calculi] Zhonghua Wai 
Ke Za Zhi. 2004 Jan 22;42(2):92-3. Chinese. PMID: 15009989 [pubmed - 
indexed for medline]

Funding agent: not found (Chinese written)

9: Dong CJ, Zhang WX, Xiao CG. [making the scoring card based on 
pediatric critical illness score] Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2003 
Jan;41(1):63. Chinese. No abstract available. PMID: 14761338 [pubmed - 
indexed for medline]

Funding agent: not found (Chinese written)

10: Chen ZH, Zhao J, Wu JM, Xiao CG. [the application of complexed psa 
and its relative indexes in the diagnosis of prostate cancer] Zhonghua 
Nan Ke Xue. 2003 Feb;9(1):36-9. Chinese. PMID: 12680329 [pubmed - 
indexed for medline]

Funding agent: not found (Chinese written)


Published papers in or before 1999 (Total=4)

11: Xiao CG, de Groat WC, Godec CJ, Dai C, Xiao Q. "Skin-CNS-bladder" 
reflex pathway for micturition after spinal cord injury and its 
underlying mechanisms. J Urol. 1999 Sep;162(3 Pt 1):936-42. PMID: 
10458412 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

Supported by grant R01 DK 44877-01 from the Department of Health and 
Human Services and a grant from the Spinal Cord Research Foundation, 
Paralyzed Veterans of America.

Funding agent: non- NIH R01DK053063


12: Xiao CG, Godec CJ. A possible new reflex pathway for micturition 
after spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1994 May;32(5):300-7. PMID: 
8058346 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

13: Xiao CG, Xiong XL. Effect of trace elements on the kinetics of 
calcium oxalate crystallization--research on urolithiatic inhibitors.
J Tongji Med Univ. 1986;6(2):100-3. No abstract available. PMID: 
3746976 [pubmed - indexed for medline]

14: Lu GC, Xiong XL, Shao MZ, Zhang RQ, Zhang QJ, Chen XC, Zeng FQ, 
Xiao CG. The pathogenesis of chyluria: retroperitoneal lymphangiectasis. 
Acta Acad Med Wuhan. 1983;3(4):219-22. No abstract available. PMID: 
6358980 [pubmed - indexed for medline]


Recent published abstracts (Selected):

15: Christopher E Kelly, Chuan-Guo Xiao, Howard Weiner, Aleksandar 
Beric, Victor W Nitti, Herbert Lepor, New York, NY . Creation of a 
somatic-autonomic reflex pathway for treatment of neurogenic bladder 
in patients with spinal cord injury: preliminary results of the first 
2 USA Patients. J Urol 2005;173:1132A.

(3) оԺ(NIDDK)ϵ

Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D., M.A.C.P.
Acting Director
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institutes of Health
(301) 496-5741
rodgersg@extra.niddk.nih.gov

Elizabeth Singer
Director
(301) 496-3583
singerb@extra.niddk.nih.gov
Office of Communications and Public Liaison (NIDDK OCPL)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institutes of Health

Source: 
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/welcome/org/tables/director_table.htm#EO

(XYS20060811)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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(1) ФйоժФϺʱļ

1997-2000: صĿ:԰ƷĻٴо 60(
,ͬ)
1998-1999: Ȼѧί: ˹-񾭷仡Ļ C 4
1999-2002: ȻѧίȫصĿ: ˹-񾭷仡Ļ 
C 90
2000-2003: Ȼѧίܳ C 80
2003-2008: 973Ŀϯѧ: ˺͹ؽӦûо 2500

(2) ФJ UrolϷƪҪ

[1] Xiao CG, Du MX, Li B, Liu Z, Chen M, Chen ZH, Cheng P, Xue XN, 
Shapiro E, Lepor H. An artificial somatic-autonomic reflex pathway 
procedure for bladder control in children with spina bifida.
J Urol. 2005 Jun;173(6):2112-6. PMID: 15879861 [pubmed - indexed for 
medline]

CHUAN-GUO XIAO,* MAO-XIN DU, BING LI, ZHAO LIU, MING CHEN, ZHAO-HUI 
CHEN, PING CHENG, XIAO-NAN XUE, ELLEN SHAPIRO AND HERBERT LEPOR
From the Departments of Urology (C-GX, BL, ZL, MC, Z-HC, PC) and 
Neurosurgery (M-XD), Tongji Medical College, Xiehe Hospital,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, and 
Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and
Population Health at Albert Einstein College of Medicine (X-NX), and 
Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine (C-GX, ES, 
HL), New York, New York

Supported by Grant 2003CB515300 from National Key Basic Research 
Program of China, major clinical trial grant from Ministry of Public 
Health of China and Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 
39925033.


[2] Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW, de Groat WC. An artificial 
somatic-central nervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for 
controllable micturition after spinal cord injury: preliminary results 
in 15 patients. J Urol. 2003 Oct;170(4 Pt 1):1237-41. PMID: 14501733 
[pubmed - indexed for medline]

CHUAN-GUO XIAO,* MAO-XIN DU, CHENGPU DAI, BING LI, VICTOR W. 
NITTI&#8224;AND WILLIAM C. DE GROAT
From the Departments of Urology (C-GX, M-XD, BL), Orthopedics and 
Microsurgery (CD), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of 
Science and Technology, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China, Department 
of Urology, New York University School of Medicine (C-GX, VWN), New 
York, New York, and Department of Pharmacology, University of 
Pittsburgh School of Medicine (WCD), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Supported by Grants NSFC39740037, 39830370 and 39925033 from the 
National Scientific Foundation of China, and the Major Clinical Trial 
Grant of Health Ministry of China (1997).

(XYS20060811)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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Ȩɵϡ

ּ̨ĳԺԷַФȨһ
Ųɷáͨһ¼ٴθопѧ⣬Ҳ
Ҫʵͨ˾صıҪӣҲ׷
ȥЧе˾ȨпѧĲơΪѧȨ
ӲҪѷɵȨڿѧжϣôܵ𺦵Ĳ
ѧзɵȨ

ΪФһĹؼڶԿѧжϣФϷ仡
ķǳȽЧҲòФ˺йػȡװ
ȡԺʿˡûйȰװҲͲ󷨹β
ȨϷѾԽˡչڴ˰ûо֮ǰǲӦ
ԷٵľоۡΪ˱ҹпѧĽѵ
ϣ󷨹ע⿼ǵ⣺

1ҹǰʢеĲ£Ϊ˹ڵվ
ߵ̫˻̫ˣǱӻĳԺʿѡ˵ҪǱ
ڵĽȨҪҶ֪ҹʮŮʿѵġ
¼жƻԡҲһӡ¶
ݵձФ̬ȣ϶ҲҪΪ
֤ݲж߽⳥άɵϺĹ
ƽǹĿǰٳɷ״ǲǸӦעرڵļල
ȨأΥṫϵĸ¶ڿķʽо
Ȩ⳥ַܹɵĹƽ

2ФˮƽΣǲǵõ˹ͬеĳϣҿҲ
عԽʵԺʿѡٽѾΪ˴𰸡йԺ
ʿѡٻȫҲûϵ룬Фǹ֪רң
ľ߱ùʴ󽱵ˮƽ᲻ỹĳҽԺƸΪڣѵ
ҽԺһĸڣĻйԺʿҪˮƽѵҽԺﵱ
ϽڵҽٰͨװйʽѡԺʿѡ˵𣿹
ڶٰװĽ¶ַߵĸӦ
ҵĺ٣ʹάйԺʿȨأ 

ΪҽѧУҵΪӲʿҷФ٣û
ܵѡΪԺʿеҡǴҶ֪£һĳ
ҽԺθڵҽͨװ˼ܵѡΪйԺʿǶҹ
Ժʿˮƽļ̣ҲǶÿһйˡйƼߵļ衣
ܷ֮ٵоΣΪһйˣҶҪлӡĴں
ڹ֧֣ܵȫйỹȫƭΪ
ΪáһһЩΪй˵ϡ

(XYS20060811)

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Ф̨ǰĻ󡪡Դٻ˼뽨



Фڵȷеٿֱ׳һҴ࣬
Ϲãб콫ñΪ˽ѧ˾綼һͿ
ǰ˵˶κԺʿۣܵԺʿǾǱ
졣˵Ժʿǿֱ죬ФκԺʿȷǰ
µġźǣФ˵ǰźľǣκԺʿñʹ
ȵˣһʱӸˣʵʹķΣ޷
ǣ־˳𲻱ĲΪˡζʵΪԡ

Ӷз׷ʹ򣬺ܶ˾ͲΪȻǵҪΪһ˫
˫СЬЬϣΪӵʹǺ֣ܺͬĵģ
ԭФڵķΪ˹һ֪ʶΣ
ǳ׻Ϊһģԣù֡ʵҵĺֺ
ʩ֮ФأΪӥȮֳߴ͵Ʒ֮
ҷФˬֱʲôⶼҳˣ֮йĶ
ƹܣûһС

Фڵԩ˲õ̸ģӲԺ֮Ϊ
ڴһᡣпƴǧˣŴǳй֮ĵģΪ
ʲôڶĺͲܼǵĹأйѧĶη߻
ѧϵֵĽФѡԺʿϵŻпƴпԱ
棡ФĳʮԺʿ״ӣͬһҽԺֻ
ͬпƴϵͳԺʿ߲ͣ嵶ΪФ̵
ޣǲϧҪ²ģΪ˲档ÿ
ȻѧĿӣ⹫Ա˵ǧԺʿе
һ㹫ԱܱȵġпƴΪ˼ٹسɱФΧ
žФĿԣΪ˵Ҳ˻пƴˣǶ
εظ㣬ѡФûð취ӵеĸ߸ӡ

صФѡ߷һڶѺпԺһЩʵ
пԺʼղ̨档ҪԺʿ֤ݣ˵ЩԺʿԷ
ӣΪԺʿֻǿտڰ׻ҪŻӵġӲڴƲ֮
ϵҲ˵Ժʿ˵ûеģΪФǩ㲻
ûŪɳ׾һǩҲоڵġйĸ͸
ȼͣԺʿѡ⣬벻³򣬹ٷ˵
ڸǱࡣԺʿԽѡԽãǵФһͻȻֵġη
ѧĶ䣬Ժʿѡ˸ְĲģȻ
ˮƽԺʿе߿벻ɮ٣Ҳв벫߶
㡣벫δĵ˺ƶĽ
㷺飬뵱³еͨίԱͨ
ľһ֮ͬФĲѡ˵Ѭģ⣬
˵һһѡԺʿǵӡʲô죬ֱ
ѼǺСõͷúãͷǵҪȥһ¡
У˵ûԩǲġҪФع꣬ѡԺ
ʿԺʿõǲͬôģҿκԺʿıݣһ
ˡ

й總֮ģΪΪԴ
֮ʱҪһ䣬ڽѣ˵ڽĲ
ѣҪ೵ΪԹƼٵǵ
־ɳǣĺɣ丳ɺӣӳһģФ
һõһٻǼˡǰ
µµʱԺͿϵͳٵʱ߲ô
ΪǴٻҪڡ

ФֻǱɽһǣٷѧܸϵͳĹҪ
ٵóѼԺʿľͲɷŹһְȨΪϹ̹
ĿϹְȨԺ˷ǿϹ
µĿԺʿϹƴΪ£Ͷұ
ȻҲóΪԺʿѼԺʿԧꡣϵͳĴ٣ŻЩ޳֮
ͽ֮£岿ֵꡣΪˣӶԽٻµһЩ飬
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1. صӦڷƱȽϽȫĵطѡ

2. ĹӦһپʹ٣Ҫȫǹ˵ͨ
Ҫ󣬸ϷҪ﷽ӵķһһǶֵ
װּ

3. ʹѹҲ˵ʹҪѹ
ʹߵΪΪܶߵּһġӦ˵Ŀǰ
лʽڸûġĿǱΪ棬
ΪϵĿꡣ

4. ҪĿͶķʽһ֧֣ʽʹ߾
κʵʹãûҪ΢۹

5. ĹҪרҵӦжڵģļơ

6. Ҫֵ֧ҪĿҪȷΪһϵͳ٣Ǳ
Ա㹻ʽ𣬿гٻơ

7. ֮ҪһרְٵĻеϵͳٵΣ
Ϊṩʽ֧֡ٺейǱڵҵֵ
ӦϧȻҲҪأҪкרҵĹܷЧ档

8. ĹҲ̫ĵģĿǰԻû
÷⣬ȻҪδȻҪɱЧʡɱ̫
߻ЧʵͣĻеޡҲ֧νͶƱʽĹʽ
ίԱʽʤˡ

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١塱



ΪФѹź«ɮк«
Ӧ½١Ϊٸ֮ȴȡ
СЬ¸ڡФʩʩ֮ѾĿС塱
ֵ֮ˡȼ۽ôҶٵϵ֣⽻
Ӧ֮ԼۣӦԹȡٻ֮
ȴӦ塱֮Լأ

¼ٶ塢֮ףǼٶ֪֮ڣ
²顣ԲҪһΣΪʵѧپ
ǵ֪֮ܵڡ

Լվ˵ǱΥ֮оôȷʵ
½⡣Ϊվô˵ʱ򣬾͵Ʒǰоع
塱֮Ӫѵ֮Ҳƽ׷أеġСЬ


ǣûվȡˡˣ
Դٳͷܸȡ֮ԼۡԸ½
٣ôӦȡ֮ʽǳĬΪСʧ岻ʧ
壬ҲûС塱ֶˡ֮࣬Ҳ
żΪ塢֮ףĵĲʧ֮Լۡҿѡ˱
Ϊ֮֮ĶûˣԼҲҩɾˡ

˼ȻżΪʧ֮٣ȴڴȻ״Ƿαأ
֮׼ȷʵαӣҲΪαӲСˡΪ
αǶƵĳα֮ԹƵ壬֮Ҳ
üٶ飬֪Ҳ˴ԼʧԲ֮
ٵ֣Ϊһжжİõؿѣйʵ
֮ϣˣʹԼٵӰӣҲҪٵĲ
ΪĺȻļֵ߱żӶ
ʧĶС

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ǩַ֧

ߣ

ǳǸһƵĿеλܲùݲǩ
ֻ÷һַ֧

ԼǰҴһ֪˿վӴ˿Ҽ
ÿĳԷǳ羴ģȻӱ곤˼꣬
Ƿھ⣬ȴܹעڵѧ⣬Щڹ
ĿƼԱ޷飬嶼ǾӹΰġȻڿеλ
ѧ󿴵һЩȴֻԣͬǷɧѣҲԽ
طڴѧܷáλַ֧
˺ܶ࣬ҶԷѧܶ͵ģЩ
ǩַ֧

ǰһʱ侭ںſƽ̳ЩʶǺ˵ģ
ںſƽ̳Ǹ̳ȴ̲סҪʹЩˡҾ룬
һЩˣŻԷӣ˿֮ǡȥ޷ܵ˿ҷ
һЩˣԼʷӵһЩˡЩûʲô֪ģҲûʲô
ܣǿȡĳƾһڴǴ϶ܰ
˻ʲôȱǷǵ죬Щ˻ں
ƽ̳̳ţҸ˵Ⱥûмҹǵʵ
ݡЩ˵ıʾɫģںڰĽɺһ䵽ʵ
ƨһſƽ̳Ǹ̳ͳ˵
Ц

ηûʲôҵФĳ˿ܸɥЩڷԺ
ʤˣԼǻ֪֮ģ֪ʤĹǲ
ȥģԺоԼһֱɺȥʤ˵û
ʲôɸ˵ģٷȥأӱ
Ƿֱ򱳣ФԼ׵ģԼһӾˣ
ʹŹء˹֪֮ҿФĳ˻ǺΪ֮ɡǸ÷
ԺʿûʲôصģԺʿöˣֵȷʵ࣬ǳͬ
ԺʿƶȡһˣӦΪΪЩ飬Ҫܿ
Լһ棬һһҪӵѧ

ǼϵĹ۵㶼ǼĻĿںſƽ̳
̳ȥ﷢ˣǴ˵ʲô˵ʲôˡ

(XYS20060811)

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ǩ壩֪ʶӹФ߷ӰĹš

    81113ǩ473ǩյǩֱ
빫Уٵгϵxinyusi@yahoo.com

̽㶫жУ
̩ͣ-ѷ-շҽƣѯ˾
ƽʿ߼ʦйĹʹ̹˾
ɽ߸ֳǹ־ֺۼ칤ʦ
νȪڶоѧҽѧ
棬ʿйѧԺо
Ma Gordon, ʿ˹̹ѧ, Program manager, Rockwell Internation, Los Angeles, California, USA
룬ʿSoftware Consultant, ING USA
Xiong Xiaopengʿ󣬵¹Mainzѧѧо
ݣҵѧԺ
Yang William, ʿ, P. Eng., Ontario Power Generation,  Canada
Ҷʿֽӣйзĸ߼ʦ
ʿΰܼ࣬(Զ)õطز޹˾

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人ԺФ߷Ӱоʮһ

ǻ֮谸ײ

ȸ

գ嫿к«[1]һ׮˶Ŀ֮嫿ԻԱִ
참֮ԱҲ֮֮룬Զʤǰ˵ȱ뺷֮·γ֮٣ʵ
Ϊɾ̾ԭЦȨ֮ǿ֮񣬵ۺȮ֮
СʫףԼǴ˹£Բɣּ֮·
һЦҲ˱֮ȨĽȨƣʵַϤ
ȥʹŶҲ

һ

ӢԱ[2]
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[1] ¥ΡĻء

[2] ·Ϣĳ ӢԱ֮һԱ֮ͬƽӹҲ

[3] ĳʿұװ֮࣬߶ж˲֮١


ϣܸһЩ 
---ФVһ̸(II)

,©:

1,ȷ״ϧЧ״򱻸
ʹ,,ִҴҲöͬԭ""Բ
ȷ,""һ"ȷ";

2,ʱ֪Ӧȴ"׳",2º"ת
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ķ,򵥲;

5,ͥ,Աδ㹻֤ʱͥʽ
ִ֧30֤ݲ֤,ۻȻ;

:ɼ人ԺԱڴ˰
Ϊʧƽ,˷Ѻ˾Դ,Ϊ˾һ
ЦĶ.

,Ჹ.

zhexuezai


ʵФûбҪ˾ֻҪѷӵһ˵
Ȼж˵ĻνӰҲͳ׽
Ф˾ԿȱѧӦпݺͳ졣Ȼһо
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ΪҲ֧٣ΪῼҼ֧١ 

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ڹҿĵIFߵ˻еģʵʲôifȷʵô
ͷ㣬ʸϵ㣬ӪһЩ 
һ仰 ͬ˲ŻФĳ֡ 

ԺȻʤߣ˵ʲô   һˣƽֻ
Щyy˵ǹ˾Ӯˣ 

켸˵ģϳ绤˼Ĵǽ̸Ļ
˵֪˼ǲǺͿ˻ôˣԼĨڣ 
йԺʿó³Ҷ᲻ģ 

lofer

ФɥʧΪһҽӦеĻĵ¸кθ,ڿ˵
ԷˮƽФʽֻٴʵ׶,ȴ˿ɹ,
һּαķʽƭû߳ΪʵƷ,Ф'''',ĺ?
˼Ҫܶʹ,㲻֪?㵱Ȼ֪,Ϊҽ,
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ɵĳͷ!!!! 

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÷̫,ĸǰ˹ͷֲʵ,ӦõŵŶ.,ϧû
ҵƵ. 

ܣ

ԶṩФһЩʵФԼд
ķ绹ǺģФ¡
ͦФΪʲôأФӮˣоݣûҪڡ

BOQ

϶ǻ衣ΪNYUERԼһ

˵һλµĸNYUʱ˾Ϳκ˵ãΪ
ֱͬºͲ˰ȵȡȫе¡

anti

ҾͲףΪʲôҪôڴأ²Ǹ𣿿
˵ӵĴƻͬҽѧԺŽĴþ档 
һЩĿ.ŶԼܵżͲǷǵַ֧,ﵽ
Ŀ.
һ,ǩЩȫӵ,Ҳؽɥ֮Ȯ.
,,Щ˻ûĴǴ?

ӣ

ҪΪ˵ˣ
¥Ǹ人ͬҽԺģ
˵ģͬѧȥTMD
˲˵Σ֪ͬҽԺĳλŲ˵CTͼ˵
վԱߣλνĽCTͼܱߵѧ˵ЦģûѲ
˿
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˵ӰǵİŽľ档ҲףǾ
ٺʺ˼Ұȥ㲻ȥл˼һ˼ңʵǸðӣ 

raresong

Сӡ֣ҾͲףôͻӰİ
ŽᣬѾ˭Ķŵ˭Ľ᣿ά˭棿 

onlyu

(XYS20060811)

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һѧġӡ

ߣ

˳ɳƺ켺ӵˣǶӣ㲻Ϊж
ͬ

йǳɵᣬȻٷǳ˵ġ
зɫ֤Եɣ֤ܰķ
Ϊӡʱʹ˴Ŀѧʵ
֤֤ͣ˵˵Ľ׶Ρ˭񡰶ӡҾһ
ԵĽۡ

˵˵ʲôɫԴάٿơɫָ
ÿԻĵͼɫɫûӵ
ͬɫΪӵָǹһα߽磬һ㡣

һFrancis Guthrie1853Ĳ롣ֱ1977ɫ
Kenneth Appel Wolfgang Haken֤ǵõJ. Koch
ϵ֧֣һɲͬĳͼĽ˸졣1996꣬
Neil RobertsonDaniel SandersPaul SeymourRobin Thomasʹһ
Ƶ֤633һ֤Ҳʹ˼

ɫǵһҪɼ֤ۣһ֤еѧ
ܣΪ˹ֱ֤ǱԼȷԼ
һӲ豸ΡȻɫ֤κεͼֻĸɫ
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ͨͬһҵİ˹ݣͼʱ
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벻һΪ棬ҾݽͿ֤ʵġ֤
̵桰ƽ⡱Ʒӡӡ۱αѧ
ˣıȷǡΪĻǸֻǼ裬
ʵ

һ⣺Ů֮ҹһ
ǵСõý˵Ѿ֤ˡһ
Ҫ֤ݣҸҵ֤ǾģҵİȨȡ
ʱܽѧĽ׶֤֮ڡ˵Һ˵˵
ָЩйѧҵɱ֡óӼҿ
ֻּڷ֮һΪ
ġõαѧõǡһѧáӡ
ΪһλȰ˹̹ΰѧҵѧء

ƶֵеĻEʵEdmund Landau»ᱻΪ
ѧɱ֡ڸͥѧϵεʱյFermat
֤ҪӡһƬдšװ_____ллĹ
Fermat֤һ__ҳ__ʹ֤Ч

޸ϵı⣭һѧġӡ
ҵķ߿ΪļеġҡΪʵ޶¡Ҫ֤
ӴķΨһǹ֤Ḷ́ǽ衰Ȩ
ڹǣӼ롱Ȩʲô

ٽڰȨĹ£ҲԡHeroes in My Heart
ϧ˵һرĺڡһѧ棬ҵ
JensenʽûзֺܾٵӦãһֱûзJensen
һڶ棬ۣҲǺ뷨
ֻûʱȥ˹̹ͷˡ

ɫΪһѾ⣬ֻҪµ֤źܿйۡ
ڴ˻ϣ֤ճǧ𱻱һ
ȷģһҵ־öǸҲĵϣ
ҵǸ

(XYS20060811)

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ӪרңΪʲôҪᳫԸĸͳ鱨

ߣʯͷ

˵ĽĿһƪΪӪרңΪʲôҪᳫԸ
£http://news.sina.com.cn/c/h/2006-08-10/144810687897.shtml
һɿԵĿΪһΪָĳľ
ͻƻߵ߸Եĸı䣬ָıģǰġɿ
ԵĿȷʵҵɿҵҪЩνġӪרҡ
רҡڵ߸ǵ

ȣƪѧģѧģϽģϵģеģ
߼ۣʤö٣ΪαѧġҲ˷ʱУ
˿ĶߣȤһԼȥˡҲ鿴ƪ
ϵ,Ѿ62,ȫǶԸߵɺ,ŭ
ֹһ

Σʵĵƪ˭дġ˵ҳʾ
оЭԱйרίԱḱίԱľʿ

йĺò飬ڰٶйרίԱᡱǽ
ȫǡйЭרίԱᡱûνйרίԱᡱ
ҲǲС©ˡЭᡱ֣ǣйЭᲿרίԱ
ίԱ(http://www.chc.org.cn/2005-3/2005318115859.htm)
(http://www.chc-ctm.org/web/bjxh/c11255/c11262/default.asp )У
СľġʿίԱĴ©Эվ
Ҳ̫˵ɣѵǱ֡ˣҲЭ׳֮Ѹ٣
޷ʱίԱ͸ίԱ

һ䣺йЭᡱǰΪйƼѧᡱ,л
͹ܡǼעȫ֯200311,
Ժ׼йƼѧᡱΪйЭᡱ
(http://www.brandcn.com/hangyepingpei/Print.asp?ArticleID=3701)Ŀǰ
йνˮ۶ЭȥۣΪǰйƼѧ
ᡱ2000ǰΪƹνˮ͡ˮ˺͡ϸ
ݿɲοݣڹйƼѧṦˮоƹٽ³̡
֪ͨ(http://www.apfcnet.com/file/hyfile/2000/zcwj1.doc)Ϊ
չйˮҵиŬйƼѧḱ᳤ 
 http://www.apfcnet.com/file/hydongtai/shoujiehuiyi/lzszj/10.doc
֪2003ǲЩйءڽϱϳȺŹ֮

˵ľʿıоЭĹٷվǣ
http://www.naaso.org/ҪΪԱǳףֻҪע
http://www.naaso.org/mem_enrol_indv.aspͿˡ֪ʿ
ǰͷιǰ˵ʲôǺ⣿

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http://enjoy.eastday.com/eastday/health/node2348/userobject1ai206825
3.htm 
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E%BF%3B%D0%AD%BB%E1&url=http%3A//enjoy%2Eeastday%2Ecom/eastday/health/
node2348/userobject1ai2068253%2Ehtml&b=5&a=0&user=baiduᵽ
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ΪоЭԱйרίԱḱίԱо
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(http://www.rayli.com.cn/2006-08-02/L0011002_176800.html)
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пƼѧһʷˡѧƸڽǰ

ߣContiConti

Centre for Precision Technologies School of Computing & Engineering
University of Huddersfield
Ӣ˹ƶþְܼ ǰProf Xiang Jiang
http://compeng.hud.ac.uk/external/research/groups/cpt/staff.php

пƼѧеѧԺѧ뼼ϵ ǰ
http://mse.hust.edu.cn/Chinese/machine/jxq.htm

мѧߡڷɣǰ ڲ
http://www.edu.cn/20060410/3184083.shtml

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ĿʡҵĿ(00KJ004)߼飺(1951- )Ů
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    ӢģA. Montilla, M.D. del Castillo, M.L. Sanz, A. Olano. Egg shell 
as catalyst of lactose isomerisation to lactulose. Food Chemistry, 2005, 90: 883C890.
    ģλInstituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Consejo 
Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain

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5R01AI049992-05 " Intracellular Signaling Triggered by Tall-1/BCMA"
Project Start: 	01-JUL-2001
Project End: 	31-MAY-2007
5R01AI062739-02 "NKIP signaling and functions"
Project Start: 	01-JUN-2005
Project End: 	28-FEB-2010

λ:NATIONAL JEWISH MEDICAL & RES CTR
 
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2005.02.008
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
Volume 66, Issue 6 , June 2005, Pages 1107-1111
RETRACTED: Effect of F&#8722; ions on spectroscopic properties of 
Yb3+-doped zincCtellurite glasses

Guonian Wang, Junjie Zhang, Shixun Dai, Jianhu Yang and Zhonghong 
Jiang

2
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.09.054
Journal of Alloys and Compounds
Volume 393, Issues 1-2 , 3 May 2005, Pages 279-282
RETRACTED: Fluorescence lifetime increase by introduction of F&#8722; 
ions in ytterbium-doped TeO2-based glasses

Guonian Wang, Shixun Dai, Junjie Zhang, Shiqing Xu and Zhonghong Jiang

3
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.08.050
Journal of Luminescence
Volume 113, Issues 1-2 , May 2005, Pages 27-32
Effect of F&#8722; ions on physical and spectroscopic properties of 
Yb3+-doped TeO2-based glasses

Guonian Wang, , Shixun Dai, Junjie Zhang, Shiqing Xu, Lili Hu and 
Zhonghong Jiang

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