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˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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룩

The Editors of The New Atlantis, "China's Phony Science," The New 
Atlantis, Number 13, Summer 2006, pp. 103-106.

 Chinas Phony Science

Exposing Corruption, Plagiarism, and Fraud


The fall from grace of Chinese computer scientist Chen Jin made 
international headlines when, after being hailed as a national hero in 
2003 for developing a powerful new microchip, he was fired from 
Jiaotong University for faking his findings, having appropriated a 
pre-existing microchip from Motorola. Less widely reported were the 
allegations earlier this year that Wei Yuquan, vice-president of 
Sichuan University and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 
had fabricated data in two articles on cancer immunology. Pathologist 
Si Lusheng told the Christian Science Monitor that when he became 
suspicious and asked for evidence to verify the claims in Weis 
studies, he was refused and began to receive threatening phone calls. 
I got involved to warn younger scholars of the harm of falsifying 
research, Si told the Monitor. The faking is obvious, everyone 
knows it.

Also not widely reported in the West is the case of Qiu Xiaoqing, a 
Sichuan University professor accused last year of faking research for 
a 2003 article in the major journal Nature Biotechnology; six of Qiu
s coauthors asked the journal to remove their names from the article, 
saying they were shocked by this scientific fabrication and that 
they were manipulated by Qiu, who exploited their limited ability to 
understand English.

Nor is the case of Liu Dengyi well known outside of China. The vice 
president of Anhui Normal University, Liu was accused in 2005 of 
falsely claiming authorship of four papers in scientific journals. 
Three of those papers never even existed. After the accusations 
appeared online, the papers disappeared from Lius rsum, but he 
did not face any disciplinary action.

These stories have not attracted much attention in part because 
plagiarism and scientific fraud in China are simply not very newsworthy. 
They happen with surprising frequency as the country, undergoing a 
massive economic boom, turns its attention to scientific development. 
Chinas research budget is set to quadruple in the next fifteen years, 
with the increased funding mostly directed into centralized 
megaprojects in high-profile fields such as nanotechnology, which 
a policy expert at the Chinese Academy of Sciences hopes will 
transform China from the largest developing country to a world 
powerhouse, and space exploration, which is a matter of intense 
national pride. Aiming to reduce the countrys dependence on foreign 
imports, Beijings latest five-year plan emphasizes scientific and 
technical innovation.

Unfortunately, the work of some Chinese scientists has proven to be 
the opposite of innovative: sloppy, copied, or nonexistent. National 
hopes of becoming an overnight scientific superpower have put pressure 
on Chinese scientists to produce breakthroughs at a rate that often 
seems to exceed the time and care necessary for responsible research. 
Academic evaluations and funding allocation are often based on the 
volume of studies published, with little regard to their quality or 
real significance. Unreasonable numbers of papers are expected of 
scholars who wish to keep their jobs, with government panels reviewing 
them to ensure that state investments yield results. And two other 
major factorsan educational system that values near-total obedience 
to superiors at the expense of critical thinking skills, and the 
infamous state of Chinas intellectual property rights protections
contribute to a culture where plagiarism is rarely reported and even 
less frequently punished.

The problem affects more than just the sciences; other academic 
disciplines are implicated as well. A cover story in China Newsweek on 
The Abnormal Corruption of Higher Education (translated and 
graciously provided to The New Atlantis by American journalist Paul 
Mooney) estimates that 530,000 published papers in key journals 
will be required of graduate students in the coming year. Of those, 
the magazine reports, perhaps 20,000 will genuinely merit publication 
in Chinas 1,500 recognized academic journals, while the authors of 
the rest will resort to either bribery or black market counterfeit 
journals. And, as described in China Daily, in a recent Ministry of 
Science and Technology survey of 180 Chinese Ph.D.s, a whopping 60 
percent admitted to paying to have their work published, and another 
60 percent copped to plagiarizing the work of others.

Another common practice is to post nonexistent papers on a curriculum 
vitae, as was alleged against Liu Dengyi in the example described above. 
At least two other prominent researchersLiu Hui, dean of Tsinghua 
Universitys medical school, and Yang Jie, dean of life sciences and 
technology at Tongji Universitywere both recently dismissed from 
their posts for falsifying their rsums. But by many accounts, 
exposure and punishment is the exception. University administrators, 
fearing public embarrassment as well as loss of funding, have a 
distinct incentive to ignore malfeasance. And without institutional 
support, scientific peers are discouraged from calling each others 
work into question.

In May 2006, in an Open Letter on Research Integrity in China, 120 
U.S.-based Chinese scientists called for China to establish fair 
rules and official mechanisms to maintain and safeguard the integrity 
of scientific research in China, including oversight at both the 
institutional and governmental levels. The letter also called for 
mandatory courses on research ethics, and a system of due process to 
avoid malicious slander and protect the innocent until proven guilty. 
The Ministry of Science and Technology responded slowly, first 
claiming no knowledge of the letter, then later issuing a vague 
promise to reform funding allocation and oversight. Perhaps worried 
that the trickle of international coverage of the scandals would turn 
into a torrent, in early July the ministry made a stronger announcement, 
pledging to publicly shame scientists convicted of fraud.

Meanwhile, the democratization of information over the Internetto 
the extent that it remains uncensored and uncontrolled in Chinahas 
allowed public awareness of the countrys science scandals to grow. 
The clearinghouse for information on the plagiarism controversy is 
New Threads, a website which has documented over 500 allegations 
of scientific fraud, operated by Fang Zhouzi, a U.S.-trained 
biochemist whose real name is Fang Shi-min. The website (XYS.org) is 
blocked inside China, but its content is accessible in the country 
through mirror sites. Dr. Fang credits New Threads with the dismissals 
of Liu Hui and Yang Jie, Hefei University professor Yang Jingans 
expulsion from the Communist Party for plagiarizing foreign papers, 
and the expulsion of several graduate students. New Threads publishes 
daily updates of misconduct, often receiving tips from lab insiders 
who are afraid to speak up for fear of losing their jobs. Dr. Fang 
notes, in an e-mail to The New Atlantis, that although he will not 
publish an informants name without his or her permission, he does 
not allow anonymous submissions, and requires supporting evidence and 
some of his own sleuthing before making any accusation public.

Nevertheless, some critics have argued that Dr. Fangs work is only 
making the situation worse. One online articleasking Whos 
watching the watchers?cites some scientists concerned that New 
Threads may harm the reputations and careers of innocent researchers. 
When published allegations prove groundless, as has happened on a few 
occasions, Dr. Fang tells us that he publishes a correction and apology. 
In any case, the vast majority of accusations result in neither 
conviction nor acquittal; exposed scientists rarely face any 
repercussions at all in a country where the government does not even 
acknowledge the existence of the watchdog website.

Dr. Fang predicts that media attention could pressure the government 
into establishing an agency to investigate and punish allegations of 
misconduct, but that such a body would likely face the same internal 
corruption and disarray as other government agencies. The procedure 
to investigate misconducts and corruptions should be fair and open, 
and the findings must be available to the public, he tells us. 
Scientific misconduct in China is also a political and social problem. 
Before we can solve the problem, the Chinese society must have a 
radical change.... We will need to have a democratic government, 
independent scientific and educational institutions, and free press. 
Without such radical changes in the country, Dr. Fang warns, the 
future of Chinese scientific innovation looks bleak.

(XYS20060826)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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ʣںҪ˵ġԭ̬ʱҲΪ
룬ǣƺ˼Ƿϲԭ̬ԭ̬
˱ôβصԭʼᣬǲԭ̬

(XYS20060826)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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    ҽ    ŦԼ   20068

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ú5-7Ժ󣩣йܽеҽͬ⡰硱ǲ
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еܳΪԺԺʿôò˶ã͵ʿ
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һлеģڶϽҲţҲšѧ
Ե

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ҵйðǹֵ꣬ǰͺ̣ԽԽ׳ҡڡ
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ڱרڻùҽܳ

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Ŀ˲Ȥйѧʵ˾ø߳
Ⱥ֮ͽ͵ж͵

2006Ĺҽܳ߾ѡΣĹʾڳ¯
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ǻҽѧгɹ־SCI־

μhttp://www.whuss.com/jxcontent.asp?pid=8&cid=43&id=1032

1. Ye Xiaoqian, Shi Lisong, Cheng Yong, Peng Qingfang, Huang 
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Fan HuaLi and Bian Zhuan *. Indentification of novel mutation of IRF6 
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4.Liu Jiarong, Bian Zhuan *,  Fan Mingwen,  He Hong,  Nie Min, Fan 
Bing . Typing of Mutans Streptococci by Arbitrarily Primed PCR in 
Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment. Caries Research, 2004; 
38(6):523-529

5.  BIAN Zhuan , FAN Mingwen , LI Chengzhang , DU Mingquan ,  He 
Hong. Characterization and Overexpression of a Glucosyltransferase 
Gene from Streptococcus mutans. The Chinese Journal of Dental 
Research.1998; 1(1):36-42

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ýڴԼ2001꿪ʼ人ѧǻҽѧԺԺͨѶSCI
¶од

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пĿҲҲ漰оݡ

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356ҳ¬ո˵죬˷⽨
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λǳģԭǡ˵ıԵĸࡱ
ٳˡԵġ֣˼䡣 

457ҳ޲ء˹ߵȽһָǵ
ѵõϰߣѧǷעڳ˼ʵ
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557ҳ˹˼Ĵʼ˷˹ΪΪһѧ
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760ҳʱڣƳԿΪѧɡ

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860-61ҳ?˵Ḷ̌ġС˼

еĪġСҡšôɡġС˼


962ҳ17ͣʲ׼˶ѿ

󣺡ʲ׼˶µ˵˶ˣӰ졣

1062ҳϱսԱʤ׽ķ⽨ơ

󣺡ķ⽨ơһ˵

1162ҳ1862꣬䷢ˡĪ׶

ȷ˵ֿͨͳǩЧ

1262ҳؿ졮Ϊũҵ͹ҵչ
񡯵ũҵѧ

󣺣1ȷ˵ǣؿ조ũҵ
еѧԺҲѧԺ

1362-63ҳ԰͸ΪҪ壬Ժ˹Ϊ壬
Ϊ˹壬ǿĻġ㲻䡣

ǲǿĻ㲻䡱ΪĻд
㲻ĶνÿһʱԱΪġ(that is 
contemporary in every age) 

1463ҳҴѧʵеͨŽڡҵ
רĻϽеġ

⻰ʲô˼˰ûס

1565ҳνͨŽרŽ֮ʵרҵĿھ֮

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ˡ

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˿ʼʶߵѧУһȥһֱѡѧӢĻڻ
ְҵϵĵȼṹеλõá˶õ
ʶԽԽϣøߵȽʹԼλߡ

1972ҳ˿ڽܸߵȽıʣ1993Ϊ38.61%

󣺰ٷֱȲǱʣСѧѧûѧá

2073ҳڡ˶֮󡭡

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2272ҳһҪǸ߽ĻҪʦʺͰѧ
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󣺲ߵȽɱ̯ۡᡢ˷̯ߵȽɱ
ӦǸ˳еһĸߵȽɱ

2474-75ҳͬʱʵгɱշҲ˳־óɷڽͶ
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Ϊʲôʵгɱշѧȷ˺Ĺϵ˰
˼⡣

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ûмôõĽ̲ġǣý̲ģȻǽ涨ÿѧ
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йȱ١˼ҡȱٿѧң
̸и

ߣһС

Ѯļ׹ѧ֮λ
졣ִ̽졣ֱƿʥˣлĻ̩֮
󲻱֮ܳӣ衰о֮ӢѸǹ³Ѹ
ˡÿżϴܲⴹ׹޿ɸӡ

ǰżȻֻ꣬Ҫλϣ̸ȻĿװ
ӡˢƪС۸Уɷϲ

֮ƪƽ׽ˣͨ׶Ϊ֮ж
ɻʵҲżƧ֮⣬ƽˮ
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۹ȫ飬Ͻֵǣ

ȻƻȵʹãʵѾˡäϹҹ
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ǲ̫ܵģһҪȻġѧɵģ
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롯ġ˺һ˼ѧ֮P90

ѧķչͶȻӶᵼµģȾ̬ƽƻ
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Ƿ֮νۺ˼άģʽǧƳ֮
£Ϲ֮Ϊ˹ϵϵ͸˹ϵ֮Ϊ˷
Ψ岻֪ȫ飩ϵ֮ΪТ㩡ҡšܣ
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˼άйȫ

ǵ͵ķѧۣ

ѧչ֮·ǡʤʤǡ·ۣǰ;
СܵĽҲǳ˺õʶΪѧķչ
һЩƫͷ񶨿ѧĿǰٵ⣬ﲻڿѧǡǡ෴
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조ȶ

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20£ҲûҪҲûн£ȴǹ
־ǷйӰû÷ɵ£ߡҶ
롱񲻾٣ٲ籱αƸڹ
ͷˣйţȴǡ˼άֱӺ

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廪ڰضİ

ߣ 

Ϸһƪ£ָ廪ѧڰضܴѧ
⡣

ĵĹ۵

1ضҹڵعʱܵ£ڽ̤⡣
2ıõƬμڳϮ


һЩϢΪĵĹ۵㶼

ȣҵϢضڵȫҶѾᵽ廪
Ķ廪ССѧ꼶ÿܶμ廪ϵۣ
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һѼͥúصľѧҨDDðض
http://www.tsem.org.cn/ShowNews.aspx?ItemID=1980&ModelID=4

ؼҵĸо
http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/new/news.php?id=9009

ضѧ
http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jcecon/v33y2005i3p517-539.html

ΣõƬμѧɹ̸ԭ̸ϳϮõƬμ
ǳ淽Ϊ˷ʦظͶΪ
صġûѿμ׬룬Ҳûƾݿμְƣ̱
ѡңڿμд˵ֻǱڿνʦֶѣ
ݿμߡʵϣ֪ݿμ˭ҲûҪ֪


󣬰ضڶǹѧѧʿ۵
ڣȴһŴתͶ廪ǹʾˮһ룬֤
ȭȭ֮ġǵŬ£廪ѧԺľùרҵѾʵ
ߡ磬ǵ˵Ŭ£7£廪ѧԺˡ
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ѧ

ߣsicheng

˵ǽѧ1961ϵҵʵ1961ѧ̫
ΪʲôҪڼдԼ1961ҵġ

ϲѧУ¼ѧ

http://www.ncu.edu.cn/schoolmate/index.htm

1961 ר

ѧѧԺ->
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˵֪Ǽٵģһһ٣һһǧ
ĻҪ˵71%֧˵ٷ֧֮Ҷ...Ϊ
ݲšһɺвݡ

߼29֧ͬҲٵġҲֻ2.9

ڶԶƵ̬ȣ

˵ƲһУΪԼǿѧܴԼȫȻȷ
ĿƼ߱һǮֵлĿƼһ˺

߼һ˿ɴѧҲԼɵƼߵĴ


ڲߵ̬ȣ

裺ҿжϣ֧ҵʵϱַ֧ӵ˶öࡣΪкܶ
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һƪµһˣܸ߰ٻһǧ߰ٸ
ĵ٣Ե˷˶࣬Ǻʵ𣿲
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߼̣

۵㣺֧ҵʵϱַ֧ӵ˶ö

ԭ 1.MλѴ绰ʾ֧裻

2.µܶ಻Եʵ֧ġ

߼NλѴ绰ʾַ֧NM򷽵֧
߶ࣻ

ͬԵ֧ҲֻһԸ롣

ġйͼɫ

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жûп
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ֱ˵õϵͼѷ˽ʱڵ
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ϵĵȴĳɹ۶ԴҶǳһԿѧ
Ͷ飬ʵڿɾ壡ŷһһ
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ضԶ۶

hedian

йѧ֮ؼѧ֮ʹ,йٳ֮ؼ
ʹ,߲ڳ̶ϲ޶,ڸԴͬһ.

,һƵ,ǹԶµĸ. 

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Դ˵,йѧضԶ,۶.
һ,ܵµһƷ,ڵѧܽ
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йСѧ

СεBLOG

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ӱ¼ܹһǣУرصУ˲һҪ
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ȨʿäĿݣ쵼ֺôϲƹܿоѵѧһ
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۷֤òķΪעĿǸԼ
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ѧ·棬һĻˣһŴȻݺܻ
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ڶϸڼϿһĲᣬڻչиũ͵
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ķԴأͬʱҲԴأ֤ݾһЩڳƿƿ
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ƻҪԶڽͷɵӰ죬ͬʱҲҪԶһͨ
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ߣ

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淶ô꣬йûһֻӬ㷽ӻ˵йӼ˴
ʵ۵¡ǲóԹ˾˵˵ǹѧ
ԸɾװףǵĴѧ糱ǵĴѧ
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ƼڻѧҸԪ

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йܿ󺣹ѧߣ

ΪѧߺƸйʱ䲻ǩԼ9µȷʵ
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۽ӼйѧרøױǴѧѧϵ

2006-08-25ѧʱ

  

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