                         ˿µϣ20070614գ

07.06.13ûи
07.06.14, ӡԡѧ񡱵塷
07.06.14, LinchuangҲ̸ľΡ
07.06.14, ŹҫˣŴȴš
07.06.14, Ρҽһ͵йʽҽ
07.06.14, ־СԣҽѧϸϵĿѧиС
07.06.14, Yush50ݡ붡ڱ߻ƭ֡
07.06.14, Ϊġָ¹Ϊ
07.06.14, ޺㸦ұ˵ԺйͨѧʦϡȨɡ
07.06.14, ɡٶֽ̰ڼѧѧɹĻӦ
07.06.14, СǡЧķͼ̲ݻ
07.06.14, ҽڹʵλ
07.06.14, ¿ķ굶ظϡҽİţҽ۵ۡ
07.06.14, Eudoxusгࡷ
07.06.14, ϡɢתzhui)ġĪ֮Ҳ̸
07.06.14, ȻƵġ뺷ֵо
07.06.14, ߶Ⱥгţ
07.06.14, BoatingڡڡԽж
07.06.14, quarkinoԽϾ׵ĸ롷
07.06.14, wangzhengan̸̸ж
07.06.14, ˫ҡٵ㡷
07.06.14, ping_maxָӡΪ˵
07.06.14, СˡҿϰˣϷԱߵʡ
07.06.14, Ӵģѧϰд鹹

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                   ԡѧ񡱵

                        ӡ

    пղҪܿѧ֪ʶҪƹѧͺѧ
Ǻܶǿģټ飬һЩԿպȤʵ
ڷԿյҲôߺȡһЩ˿֪ʶͷǱȽϵͲ
Ķ˾˲Ρ˵һ˿ѧ֪ʶḻÿѧ
ûʲô˲ģ˵һ˾пѧǾͳĪˡ

    ǿѧࡰ߲ΡĶһúܣѧ֪ʶͿѧ
ʵʵѧ֪ʶǿ֤ģѧձõģкܿ͹
ı׼ʲôǿѧȴǺ۵Ľ綨Ҳ˵硡׫
֤ѧӦð̽ɡʵ֤ĸɻȱĲ֣Ҳֻ
һ֮ԡ

    ΣȻѧǸ߲εģôͱȻҪڿѧ֪ʶͿѧ
ĻϣֻЩӵзḻĿѧ֪ʶ˿ѧ˲ſܾ
ѧ񡣵ǿѧߵص㣬ױáһЩ˼޶ٿ
ѧ֪ʶֲѧҪǽܿѧ֪ʶʹÿѧǿѣ
ȴԼɺܶÿѧ񣬿Ը߸ϵطָЩ
Сյʿûпѧ

    мһһƪڿѧԡҪй
ѧѧ;񣬵Щƺôпѧ
Сѿѧ֪ʶ֪ʶ֮ϡ˵ȥǫ飬ȴɥʧ
˳пѧ֮Ҫռѧ֪ʶΪѧ֪
ɿķͨѧõĿѧ֪ʶɿ֪ʶϣ
ȥ⡢գȡ֮Ե֪ʶ˵ѧ֪ʶд
ʵϲٿѧ֪ʶˣ˵ѧ֪ʶĿԶԶ
֪ʶҶԿѧ֪ʶľҲȻͨѧ
ɵġܹΪѧ֪ʶпܳҪѿѧĳߵλã
ÿѧ֪ʶڽ̡ŵ֪ʶƽƽ

    ֱ׳ȷѧĳߵλôѧռʧȥ壬
ѧ֪ʶѧûƹıҪѧֵúˡ

    ڿѧӦöʵн񱣬Ӧúϡ࣬Ӧ
á¶αѧѧЩ˵ţ֤ݡ߼Ǻ
ѧѷʽֵ˵ĹԸɵ˲࣬⣬Ϊ
ֹܵһЩ飬Ҳеġ

    ˸еЩ˼ǣе˶αѧѧܿݣӲȥ
ȴνġαʿָٰ𣬷·Ҫȸαѧѧ˶Կѧ
ΣƵġαʿαѧԡαʿҲ
ԽԵԼĲθߣ˵С׿ѧѧʱȡһס
ķαѧɴöˡ

    αʿĳ¼֪ʶϳʲôȻ˭
ġǡ׿ѧǲмڻûָϸڵģ
ҪյǴǡαʿûСٿ͹۹Ŀѧ񡱣
ɡе''ӡ׵һ·ȥڿѧ
йĴ֦ҶïǺġαʿ
ɡеӡй걨200765գ

    ѧǷԡ͹۹ΪҲ˵ǣΪпѧ
ж١͹۹أΪһλߴԸ
ϸоĴ˹ڣͱ˵ǡǸżֵ
Ůг𰡡ⲻҵµġ߼͡ʵ̲ס
¡УҽͱطͼȤζۣ֮߱
ġ͹۹Ŀѧ񡱣ǵģѧվͬˮɽġ
''šѧҿˣܿ˭Լ
ˡеӣʵϲǸڰԵѧ񡱲
Ǵ˵Ĺӣǿ˵ĸͷ

й걨2007.6.13.



αʿɡе


2007-06-05й걨

һֱԷȷαѧʿǺܱоġ
⼸֣ȴ֪Ϊܻ뵽ӣλ硱
ڽݽٷʱһ԰師׵һ·ȥ̰
գͷһ

عǰõķ֮һʼҺ϶ѩ
оԱں˵˵ֱˡΪʲôҪأ˵һ
ͼߡʵҪн񱣬ơѵΪǸż
ֵʲô濼

ʵ緽Լԣͽżģ
ִѧֹԽԽϸżʱǼߵġ̥ϵͳķӦ
̥ĵ14컹ǵܣרҵ⣬˵ǲһ
Ŀɵ椡֪ˣйѧԺŴѧԺʿҲûһ
֪ġκһλרҵʿһλҽѧѧԺϸоΣ
ȷݵ£㽲һҲŵġοдֻ
ֲͣʽʵǲûʲô˵˼άǲ֪
߲հԵĽǣŮг𰡣

ڴµĹڷӦоί˵ż
ϸߣ˵ͲΡй걨530գҾͲ֪
ʲôίġαѧ̶ܴϾչҪɵĻǣ
Ѱܽܡķʽռѧ֪ʶ侫
ڲ⣬ǾҪ任ʽ˵Ϊֹй

ڷ֮УҪǸж󡣶һЩʱ򣬷αѧ
ʿں߼ѧˡ

磬һﾪˣǱҽģ⻰
⣬ڰ֢ҽ֢ҲȻǲİɡ
ҽҲˣǷҲ˵Ǳҽģ
˵ҽļʿܻҪЩ޿
ҲҪЩѧϽı

磬֮۱١ָйѧĽ
ڶСѧΪ 28Ϊ60Ϊ85Ľ
ȴֻ25оӵŴʸߴ089һΪ
PAX6Ļйءûз񶨣ӵŴҪɺ컷
صշŻᷢչΪʵʽӡԣ۾ֻƵ
ۣҪйֵPAX6ֲַߺܶࣻҪй
շӵĻҪܶࡣٻߣ߼֮ʵڿ
۾Ҫ֤۱Чк֮䣬ʲô
߼ڡڷһΡƯȽϺʵ
̲סҲ£ǷΪ۱ԴҽİĦУҽͱط

ںΡһЩαѧʿĳЩУʵѰٲ
ٿ͹۹Ŀѧ񣬵ƺ΢һĳ£һͳ


αѧʿǱӣһ԰師һӡšѧ֣
һӡš塱֣׵һ·ȥʱڿѧ
йĴ֦ҶïǺġΪѧվͬ
ˮɽġеǲֶͨʵֵġҪ
ģͺͶ䡣

(XYS20070614)

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Ҳ̸ľ

ߣLinchuang

ǰõԱ̶ȿǰľΣýϺԤ󡣸
¼Ů֡ѡΣ߲ػ̨㣬
Ϊ㶼СͨԸ¼ĳܶȱ
ĹģΪԼԱȡõҽҲɹ
˷ӵӰ죬νľ֮Ȼһλߣ
ҽʦѸٳΪ˹еҽѧȨӢۣڽ10ҽ
ܻĿ޼һκӿظ
ҽ缶Ȩҽȳ߳ƺţһںŸߵ
ҽڶҽ˿ϲ׬ΪˣŹҫͨ
ι̵ļԻԭҽ¡ҽ⼸λҲ漰۵
Сڴ˴ҽĽǶ̸㿴ϣѶԴи
ʶ

1.ǲҽѧͻƣ

𰸷

֢˻߾ʸߡ֢࣬ɹεҲټ
˵׶ءҽˮƽһĳУڱľθ
Ϊ߲۵ĹעһбҪһЩСö
ҽԺҲвɹӡ˺й֮ң
ҲΪݶмżֵҽѧ˵ֻǶо
֪ʶһӦãζſѧʲôͻƻϼ
2005ѧʱȻƾܽѧ߶ȣϸ
ֻͷû¹ʵݡˡֱԣסеͬʱȴ
ͬг䡣

2.еĹ

Ŀǰҽѧˮƽ£޷ϵͳֱЧ޸ֶΡ˵
ƣڼٲֺ֢֧ʹٽֿԷΪ
崴­ѹֹˮסޡƵĵһԤӰ켫
УȫӢҽĹ֧֣֤ͣ
Ҫȶܹܳ;Уֲò˵Ӣҽӹ
ΰԤƸȾȲ֢֢໤Ⱦơҽʦͻʿ
س񣻢ȴٽ֫塢ԡܵڶ๦ܵؽ
Ҫǳרҵ֪ʶǿҽʦֺϷͼ˵֧ҲΪҪ
˵ĿӢҽ˼ʵĻȻظ
ҽʦϣʵϱڶררҲμΣؼġ
ҽʦóھλ12㣩ûв룻ڵ
34㣩λҽʦѾޣҪרҽʦ
˷Ҫá˵ںΪҽʦǳɫط
֯ЭáʤйҽʦӦô3λ

3.幻 缶Ȩҽ ҽĳƺ

𰸻Ƿ

˵Ϊʲôǡ缶Ȩҽǹҽ
˵ٴʵкκιҵҽȶδѷɫܳƵ缶Ȩ
ëǡΪʲôҽˮƽһ̶ѷֲ٣ҪȨۡ
·Ĵߺ͹ߣڴ·ǷȱѧԺ
ƽ̨ҲڱǰķԾֳܱ̾ɫ
ܵ춨ڹڵѧλӶڶܿǹڴ
ϺƵߣȷڹĵλ
ķΧͲֵһˡ

ΪҽľУἰӢҽ
µûý͹ڣʹӢҽڶԿԤ
õĹƣʵȫҽ֢˿¶㣩ԶﴫΪ
жԼΪҽٴֹ
Э渴ӵĽ죬Ĩɷͬй̧ͨͬ͡ԼΪ
޷ͬΪϡ

4.ҽĿ

ҽжҽһ̶ͬ˻в٣Ȩݹͦҽȴ
֤֮ģǵһˡЩҽѧ֪ʶҽ˿Ҳ
áѳ׸ԣ̲סbangbu1996
ѵĻĳЩҽʦҽ

5.2п

һôȨ֪ʶֻǾԼרҵ֮ڣԼרҵ
ȱ˶ࡣҪмһˡȨΪԼ
Ȩԣʲô¶ȨָֻŶǽС
ˡ֮ǰ֮࣬󻹻в١ǰ˵Ĳҡ

ýȷʵޱߣ۹£˺¶ŴĲŵ㣬Ҳ԰
˵ȱֱ¶ý干裬Ҫշִ硢ںposeһ¶
۵µĴ

(XYS20070614)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ˣŴȴ

Źҫ

׻˵мûмУҲ

Ůʿڡӡ˵ʧһΣ˵ҩڶ
ˡʵʧΣʲôҩûгԣҲǡڶͺˡ
УҵһѣһֱƫͷʹšǰҩЧʲ
ôҩԣȻҲͿغˣԼʲôʱõĶ˵

ŮʿʧһΣԺˡʧΣУҲˡ
ҵƫͷʹеʱûеʱˡ
˲׽

ʱǺɵˣȴںȫ
֪ѾˡĲ˺ĵ5죨20025
15գѾˡǣȴһֱ֪˵Ӣҽ
ˡصԺİţĲŰŪ
ѵġ

ˣҪ͸Ŵȴšʲôôȱ£

ˣҪЩСϰհǵ̫ǡ
ҽ͡ηĤݡ

ǣСϰѾǴǰô޲ɼˡԽСԽ
ҵһЩ񶾵İ취Ŵ򿪡Ȳѵʱݻһ
еǽƿȫȡǲ͡ӭյ⡢ԡǺͮ
̫ͮЩΪġ̫ǡ͡ҽȲ
ûԤƵһ㡣

(XYS20070614)

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ҽһ͵йʽҽˣҽѧѧҵĻ

ҽ  2007612

Ŀ¼
һûйԭ14Ƿǳȵģ
15֣
Σز˳;תΪҽǳεľ
岻ִ֪ҽѧΪ
ģһгķ

Ҷҽ£
ˮƽ
ҽѧ֪ʶ鼮ˮƽ
ѧ˼άҽˮƽ
̶ȣױҽá
ۣԿԺʿ



һ	ûйӢҽĹʹ塣

һĻȫй˱ġйıܼ
ǣӢҽĲ˱ҽȻˡ̸Ŀ
˷ǳǰ뵽꽫ıҽԺ
ڡ

˵һӢҽûڶ
ҽƹУӢҽԺ28ؼġҪ˵һ
ӢҽڶݹͲҽеҽͬ
ҽҽˡйáӢҽеûϣˡ
͡ȷϣĸβ˿˺ĵ챻ϡ
˵Լر˵˲ٱӢҽҽԺĻĨɱӢҽ
ҪͣеĹͶ鹦ҽǲƽġҽȴ̹Ȼ
ܣҵĸоҽΪӢҽ

ضһ»2003-12-11ı ľ
» 

[]:ڶҲäĿȥѾˣ㻹
Ҫȥʹ飬ҲäĿ飬Ǻ顣Աʵ
ǣڿѧ˵ǾģϣġʱҼ
Ϊôһ˿ϣʱм㣺 

[]:һԭ˲أǵʱ˵ʱ14֡Ժһ
ԵģԼ̷ԵĶһ㣬ǰڱȽϼʱĻһ˿
صϣڶҲ쿴Ƽ¼зӳġDDD 

[]:ʱļ¼ΪзӦġҲΪʲôӢ
ûע⵽һ㣬Ͱ­ѹǰεˣҲȥˡҿ¼
зӦҾǷǳõ顣ڶҴ̼һ£Ӣ˵
¼£κδ̼ӦҴ̼ʱֶһ£
Ķ˶һǳᣬһܺõźţҾûײ㣬
ûеɾҩĳ̶ȡ

[]:£мƵĿԣҴӿѧжϵ
ģäĿģһӣҸоϣЩ
ϣӢ̸ǲܵģûа취˵Ǿˣ
Ρ

[]:ȥԺҪCTƬӣǸҿCTƬӣ
ΣһαһβҲΪ⡣ȥԺ󣬵
죬ҪһCTCTԺȻλȻͣ
£ңϵͳԭ΢һ㡣һܺõźţ
˵ˮˣǼ 
»¼

ҽĻУǵ֪ʱ˵ʱ14֡ʲô14 ֣
ǹͨõ˲ԤļָꡣӢĽGlasgow Coma 
Scale.ͨ˺ͷ24Сʱڲ

ݲ˵1֫˶2ԣش3۾
ּ֡15Ԥã3ԤáԲ˵Ԥ
·ࣺ1315֣ˣ912֣жˣ38ضˡ

Glasgow Coma Scale.ּϸ£
1֫˶ӦBest motor response 6֣
ҽĻƶ֫Obeys commands. 6 
˰ˣʹLocalizes to pain. 5 
˸еʹ֫ȥWithdraws from pain 4 
ʹķӦ֫Flexion in response to pain Ƥʧ
(decorticate response). 3
ʹķӦ֫Extension to pain ʧ (decerebrate 
response)2 
֫嶯No motor response.1

2ԣشBest verbal response (5)
Oriented. 5 
ܻش⣬ЩͿConfused. 4 
ܷ֣ԲInappropriate words. 3 
ܷ־Incomprehensible sounds. 2 
ҲNone.1 

3۾Best eye response (4)
Eyes opening spontaneously.4 
ˣEye opening to speech. 3 
ʹˣEye opening in response to pain.2 
ҲNo eye opening.1 

˼óĽǣǳȵԭ14֡
ˡ15֡˵ԼӢֽTanya
14ֺϡԺļ1̷ˮף2
ˡԤ־ǶԻָĹƣһ14ֵ˲ˣе
ӢҽϣǳŬؾΡ

˵ĻУҽһСС֮ĶȾ֮
֮ӡ˵ǼңӢҽԺĴȷޣĶ
ڼ򵥡һ֡ûҽĹѾù
ˡĸоĶûм򵥹˵ڼ򵥡
Ǹ˿֤ ҽԺΪص¡
ºҽѧ׼Ӣܶͨõģ
һ㿴жҪ۲¼󶨽ۡƪ»
ֻһҪSummary Statement. ˵Сڼ򵥣

ؼȷǡתܺת ʲôת1
ԣ2Թɥʧ3Ըɷʧ4Ϊȷ
ٴ⣬ҪһЩ顣Ϻһ6 Сʱٸ
һβȷϡҽСһҪ񾭿ҽ̷ˮ׺
Ȼԣ޷ӦʱҽҪƾܲת
ҽΪҽһʼΪת˵Ϊʲô
Ҫܲܣҽȴ˵ӢҽҽΪתҽ
۲쵽ĿתӢҽȴӶֻе㲻ʵ

һֱΪҽԽͻϤ⡣һҽ
ܶӢҽļ¼Ѷ־ҽд֡ҽ
ԺһסԺҽҽҽּʱ꼶ӡ
ҽǶΪӡѧҽʱõαҺʹ
סԺҽԭйҽסԺҽͷ6£
ҵȣ׵ĵطܶࡣ⣬ҽԺϤ
ҽԺȣܶܶطһ6¾ͺˡʵҽͬ˵
ġ6ºͿڡЩ˶ͱȽϴģҪú
ࡣ

ģ [˵ʱӢҽʵûаֽȷ
ֻǻҪһļʱѴֲ״̬
ȫûκηӦˣӢҽֻǺġ] ֲ״
̬͡ȫûзӦ˵˻Ժʹ޹ܡԸ
ܺûĲˣҽ˵ûϣˡ
ĺԶ

ֲ״̬ĶǣȱƤĹܣ˲ܹн
ΪѵĿܡDefinition of Vegetative State: Loss of capacity 
to interact with the environment despite the preserved potential for 
spontaneous or stimulus-induced arousal (due to absence of cortical 
activity).

ԵĶǣɥʧʶ޷ѡComa is a state of 
unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused; there is no 
evidence of self- or environmental awareness.

ֲ״̬ͻԵҪǣֲ״̬Сѡ͡˯ֲͬ״
ֻС˯״Vegetative state is characterized by the 
presence of intermittent wakefulness evidenced by sleep-wake cycles.

ҽѧϿֲ״ֻ̬ǴƤĹϰѵĿܣ
Զˡǣ1ֲ״̬ܡ桱2ֲ״̬Ȼԡ
ᡱ3ֲ״̬Ըɹ4ֲ״̬ԣ˵Ӣҽ
ֲ״̬Ļǲġûһҽ¡
˵֮ǰѾĴδӢҽһ
ĲĴֻΪϣŻ

ΪӢҽ˵Ϊûϣеģ
йʽ˵ǲ߼ġ仰ҽԼ˵ģӢ
ҽʵûаֽȷ͡ӢҽҪ
֮ҲҽĿա ڲжա۲²
ɷж٣ҲҽӢҽҽѧ˳Ľ
ΪҽҽȦӡˣúԶһ˵
ˡ˵1990굽1991꣬Ӣ׶ҽԺѧ
ߡѧߣһ365мӢҽԺ̨
ٴβμҽķʽĲۣ

Ҳǹ̸ֺѧʣë
йӢǿĹǹؼʡҽëһҪѲ
˵Ĳ󣬲ԵԼԣΪ˶ٴҽѧ
ΪԣͶǳСӢû˵ȴ
ʼ˵𣬴ӶһҽܰѲ״ɿġ
ˡ

ӢҽԺ28Ĺ£Ӣ˵ģй˵ġ 
Ҳҽ֣Ͳ˼йƭ˵ĵطǣ
ҷǳҽӢҲ֪ںӢҽ̸ʱ
Ӣҽ۵ʱǲ70-80ݣܲȫ
дĲ⣬Һᵽҽҽѧ֪ʶǳխӢҽ
˼·˲ȫϡ

ϣýרҵӢıңҺӢҽ
Ӣģ˵ġġΪǴûӢҽ
ԣҪҽ˵ʱв̤ʵĸо

Σز˳;תΪҽǳεľ

ȻҵĹ涨ֻвԼмԺתԺȨ
Եʱ򣬲˵ɷȨ˵ɷˣĶŮȨû
ĶŮ˵ĸĸȨϸĹ涨Ϊˡľ
Ϊ˲˱˺á

˵ڶԺжϣںеȼϣӢ
̶̵죬Ǻ񲫶Ĺؼʱ̣Ϊ
ĻȨҲ˺˵ļκļ˺
ѧҽġǿӢҽԺӢҽԺĲԡ˵ӢҽԺ
ûѹҩôҽѧѾ̭йҪҵ
ѹҩĸĸȨתԺڷûдǣ
ĸתԺҽǴشˡ

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PRACTICE PARAMETERS:
DETERMINING BRAIN DEATH IN ADULTS
(Summary Statement)
Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy 
of Neurology
Overview. Brain death is defined as the irreversible loss of function 
of the brain, including the brainstem. Brain death from primary 
neurologic disease usually is caused by severe head injury or 
aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In medical and surgical intensive 
care units, however, hypoxic-ischemic brain insults and fulminant 
hepatic failure may result in irreversible loss of brain function. In 
large referral hospitals, neurologists make the diagnosis of brain 
death 25 to 30 times a year.
Justification. Brain death was selected as a topic for practice 
parameters because of the need for standardization of the neurologic 
examination criteria for the diagnosis of brain death. Currently, 
there are differences in clinical practice in performing the apnea 
test and controversies over appropriate confirmatory laboratory tests. 
This document outlines the clinical criteria for brain death and the 
procedures of testing in patients older than 18 years.
Description of the process. All literature pertaining to brain death 
identified by MEDLINE for the years 1976 to 1994 was reviewed. The key 
words "brain death" and "apnea test" (subheading, "adult") were used. 
Peer-reviewed articles with original work were selected. Current 
textbooks of neurology, medicine, pulmonology, intensive care, and 
anesthesia were reviewed for opinion. On the basis of this review and 
expert opinion, recommendations are presented as standards, guidelines, 
or options. The recommendations in this document are guidelines unless 
otherwise specified (see Definitions).

I. Diagnostic criteria for clinical diagnosis of brain death
A. Prerequisites. Brain death is the absence of clinical brain 
function when the proximate cause is known and demonstrably 
irreversible.
1. 1.Clinical or neuroimaging evidence of an acute CNS catastrophe 
that is compatible with the clinical diagnosis of brain death
2. Exclusion of complicating medical conditions that may confound 
clinical assessment (no severe electrolyte, acid-base, or endocrine 
disturbance)
3. No drug intoxication or poisoning
4. Core temperature  32 C (90F)
B. The three cardinal findings in brain death are coma or 
unresponsiveness, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea.
1. Coma or unresponsiveness--no cerebral motor response to pain in all 
extremities (nail-bed pressure and supraorbital pressure)
2. Absence of brainstem reflexes
a) Pupils
(a) No response to bright light
(b) Size: midposition (4 mm) to dilated (9 mm)
b) Ocular movement
(a) No oculocephalic reflex (testing only when no fracture or 
instability of the cervical spine is apparent)
(b) No deviation of the eyes to irrigation in each ear with 50 ml of 
cold water (allow 1 minute after injection and at least 5 minutes 
between testing on each side)
c) Facial sensation and facial motor response
(a) No corneal reflex to touch with a throat swab
(b) No jaw reflex
(c) No grimacing to deep pressure on nail bed, supraorbital ridge, or 
temporomandibular joint
d) Pharyngeal and tracheal reflexes
(a) No response after stimulation of the posterior pharynx with tongue 
blade
(b) No cough response to bronchial suctioning
3. Apnea--testing performed as follows:
a) Prerequisites
(a) Core temperature  36.5C or 97F
(b) Systolic blood pressure  90 mm Hg
(c) Euvolemia. Option: positive fluid balance in the previous 6 hours
(d) Normal PCO2. Option: arterial PCO2  40 mm Hg
(e) Normal PO2 Option: preoxygenation to obtain arterial PO2  200 mm 
Hg
b) Connect a pulse oximeter and disconnect the ventilator.
c) Deliver 100% O2, 6 l/min, into the trachea. Option: place a cannula 
at the level of the carina.
d) Look closely for respiratory movements (abdominal or chest 
excursions that produce adequate tidal volumes).
e) Measure arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH after approximately 8 minutes 
and reconnect the ventilator.
f) If respiratory movements are absent and arterial PCO2 is  60 mm 
Hg (option: 20 mm Hg increase in PCO2 over a baseline normal PCO2), 
the apnea test result is positive (ie, it supports the diagnosis of 
brain death).
g) If respiratory movements are observed, the apnea test result is 
negative (ie, it does not support the clinical diagnosis of brain 
death), and the test should be repeated.
h) Connect the ventilator if, during testing, the systolic blood 
pressure becomes  90 mm Hg or the pulse oximeter indicates 
significant oxygen desaturation and cardiac arrhythmias are present; 
immediately draw an arterial blood sample and analyze arterial blood 
gas. If PCO2 is  60 mm Hg or PCO2 increase is  20 mm Hg over 
baseline normal PCO2, the apnea test result is positive (it supports 
the clinical diagnosis of brain death); if PCO2 is < 60 mm Hg or PCO2 
increase is < 20 mm Hg over baseline normal PCO2, the result is 
indeterminate, and an additional confirmatory test can be considered.

II. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death
The following conditions may interfere with the clinical diagnosis of 
brain death, so that the diagnosis cannot be made with certainty on 
clinical grounds alone. Confirmatory tests are recommended.
A. Severe facial trauma
B. Preexisting pupillary abnormalities
C. Toxic levels of any sedative drugs, aminoglycosides, tricyclic 
antidepressants, anticholinergics, antiepileptic drugs, 
chemotherapeutic agents, or neuromuscular blocking agents
D. Sleep apnea or severe pulmonary disease resulting in chronic 
retention of CO2

III. Clinical observations compatible with the diagnosis of brain 
death
These manifestations are occasionally seen and should not be 
misinterpreted as evidence for brainstem function.
A. Spontaneous movements of limbs other than pathologic flexion or 
extension response
B. Respiratory-like movements (shoulder elevation and adduction, back 
arching, intercostal expansion without significant tidal volumes)
C. Sweating, blushing, tachycardia
D. Normal blood pressure without pharmacologic support or sudden 
increases in blood pressure
E. Absence of diabetes insipidus
F. Deep tendon reflexes; superficial abdominal reflexes; triple 
flexion response
G. Babinski reflex

IV. Confirmatory laboratory tests (Options)
Brain death is a clinical diagnosis. A repeat clinical evaluation 6 
hours later is recommended, but this interval is arbitrary. A 
confirmatory test is not mandatory but is desirable in patients in 
whom specific components of clinical testing cannot be reliably 
performed or evaluated. It should be emphasized that any of the 
suggested confirmatory tests may produce similar results in patients 
with catastrophic brain damage who do not (yet) fulfill the clinical 
criteria of brain death. The following confirmatory test findings are 
listed in the order of the most sensitive test first. Consensus 
criteria are identified by individual tests.
A. Conventional angiography. No intracerebral filling at the level of 
the carotid bifurcation or circle of Willis. The external carotid 
circulation is patent, and filling of the superior longitudinal sinus 
may be delayed.
B. Electroencephalography. No electrical activity during at least 30 
minutes of recording that adheres to the minimal technical criteria 
for EEG recording in suspected brain death as adopted by the American 
Electroencephalographic Society, including 16-channel EEG instruments.
C. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography
1. Ten percent of patients may not have temporal insonation windows. 
Therefore, the initial absence of Doppler signals cannot be 
interpreted as consistent with brain death.
2. Small systolic peaks in early systole without diastolic flow or 
reverberating flow, indicating very high vascular resistance 
associated with greatly increased intracranial pressure.
D. Technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain scan. No uptake 
of isotope in brain parenchyma ("hollow skull phenomenon").
E. Somatosensory evoked potentials. Bilateral absence of N20-P22 
response with median nerve stimulation. The recordings should adhere 
to the minimal technical criteria for somatosensory evoked potential 
recording in suspected brain death as adopted by the American 
Electroencephalographic Society.

V. Medical record documentation (Standard)
A. Etiology and irreversibility of condition
B. Absence of brainstem reflexes
C. Absence of motor response to pain
D. Absence of respiration with PCO2  60 mm Hg
E. Justification for confirmatory test and result of confirmatory test
F. Repeat neurologic examination. Option: the interval is arbitrary, 
but a 6-hour period is reasonable.

Acknowledgements
The Quality Standards Subcommittee wishes to express particular 
gratitude to Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, MD, for his work in preparing the 
background paper as well as this summary statement. Jasper R. Daube, MD, 
served as facilitator for this project.
The Quality Standards Subcommittee thanks the Ethics and Humanities 
Subcommittee and the fifteen members of the AAN Member Reviewer 
Network who reviewed and returned comments on these practice parameters. 
The Subcommittee appreciates the reviews of several other critical 
care specialists.

Quality Standards Subcommittee: Jay H. Rosenberg, MD (Chair); Milton 
Alter, MD, Ph.D.; Thomas N. Byrne, MD; Jasper R. Daube, MD; Gary 
Franklin, MD, MPH; Benjamin Frishberg, MD; Michael L. Goldstein, MD; 
Michael K. Greenberg, MD; Douglas J. Lanska, MD; Shrikant Mishra, MD, 
MBA; Germaine L. Odenheimer, MD; George Paulson, MD; Richard A. Pearl, 
MD; and James Stevens, MD.

Note. This statement is provided as an educational service of the 
American Academy of Neurology. It is based on an assessment of current 
scientific and clinical information. It is not intended to include all 
possible proper methods of care for a particular neurologic problem or 
all legitimate criteria for choosing to use a specific procedure. 
Neither is it intended to exclude any reasonable alternative methods. 
The AAN recognizes that specific decisions on patient care are the 
prerogative of the patient and the physician caring for the patient 
and are based on all the circumstances involved. Regardless of the 
conclusions of this statement, the Quality Standards Subcommittee of 
the AAN recognizes the need to comply with state law.

Reviewers of these practice parameters
Medical societies invited to comment on these practice parameters: The 
American Academy of Family Physicians (which provided comment), The 
American Association of Neurological Surgeons, and The American 
Academy of Pediatrics.

Definitions for classification of evidence
Class I. Evidence provided by one or more well-designed, randomized, 
controlled clinical trials.
Class II. Evidence provided by one or more well-designed clinical 
studies such as case-control and cohort studies.
Class III. Evidence provided by expert opinion, nonrandomized 
historical controls, or one or more case reports.

Definitions for strength of recommendations
Standards. Generally accepted principles for patient management that 
reflect a high degree of clinical certainty (ie, based on class I 
evidence or, when circumstances preclude randomized clinical trials, 
overwhelming evidence from class II studies that directly addresses 
the question at hand or from decision analysis that directly addresses 
all the issues).

Guidelines. Recommendations for patient management that may identify a 
particular strategy or range of management strategies and that reflect 
moderate clinical certainty (ie, based on class II evidence that 
directly addresses the issue, decision analysis that directly 
addresses the issue, or strong consensus of class III evidence).
Practice options or advisories. Strategies for patient management for 
which clinical certainty is lacking (ie, based on inconclusive or 
conflicting evidence or opinion).
Practice parameters. Results, in the form of one or more specific 
recommendations, from a scientifically based analysis of a specific 
clinical problem.

Reference
1. The background paper by Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, MD is available upon 
request at the American Academy of Neurology office.
Approved by the Quality Standards Subcommittee July 20, 1994. Approved 
by the AAN Practice Committee July 29, 1994. Approved by the AAN 
Executive Board September 24, 1994. Published in Neurology 
1995;45:1012-1014.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Quality Standards 
Subcommittee, American Academy of Neurology, 1080 Montreal Avenue, St. 
Paul, MN, 55116 or customer service at 1-800-879-1960.

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˿տҵ˾U.S.A. FIFTYSTATE HIGHER EDUCATION UNION붡ڱ
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顣ڡʾ8ݡU.S.A. FIFTYSTATE HIGHER EDUCATION 
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붡ڱ߻ġй𾴴ѧУWTOרҵ֤
ࡱ͡Ůн40ƭ֣õֶһޣΪ֯
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ʱƭܹԶеʱ

Ĳοϼ

һĻưѧԺȨװϻࡷ
http://www.xlogit.com/xysupload/15xfzl.htm

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ġָ¹Ϊ

Ϊ

ѶʱһʮֿĻںͷ
ӵһǴٽڮĶάϵ
һⳡǳޣⳡ˾漰ܹ㣬漰ǧýڷ
һȶǵġΧˡرǽܲű󵼺
һָ¹Ϊ϶Ȩۡ
http://xian.qq.com/a/20070524/000083_7.htmڡѾй
߽֮ۡйѧųɵһй˽ϴ󡱣Դ
ӵĶ͵йǶڡƤ˵
һУԺ̽֡ͽܲšһָ¹Ϊ
϶Ȩۡʶһ¶ġָ¹Ϊ

ȿܲйضô˵ģ[
]:ڶѧԺΪйѧа10ý屨һ
ѧ70£⡣ýйѧԺڡ
ɼʱейѧаϣ10λ˽⣬ɼʱ
ıǿǵһԷѹ档νʮ޸ߵȽ
ģûһ֯ñзйʿʾֻһ򸶷ѹ
棬űáɼʱñȡ
ж׷ΡǾλһܣʾ塣[11:07] 
http://live.people.com.cn/note.php?id=165041210062443

ܲǶԡѧԺΪйѧ
10һ塣˵㣺һǡɼʱıǿǵ
һԷѹ桱ǡνʮ޸ߵȽеģû
һ֯嶤ʵ¹
롰ָ¹Ϊţ༰ġΪʲôĳȴ
ǡرǡָ¹ΪۡأȻǽܲ
һ˶ܻŭĿԡ

޶ָܲšָ¹ΪͬʱԼȴ
ָ¹Ϊ־硣˵׵ģһ
ѧԺΪ𾴵йѧʮΪ
𾴵йѧУڶȴʸˣȻ
Īеǡ١Ϊһûв鵽Ǹ
ԼҲ鵽ˣʹ󺰴Сû֯ѧԺųɵ
ʮڱΪڶhttp://xian.qq.com/a/20070524/000083_7.htm
ǰǴ󺰴еġʮ޸ߵȽˡȫߵȽˣ
ˡһЩһ
ʵϻеġӡԼҲ鵽ˡĿɲʲô
֯һǷʹҵ˾Ժ
о񻹲ʮ޸ߵȽеģӲҵ
˾˵ǡеĴʵжڵFIFTYSTATEӲҪ
FIFTYSTATEⲻǻѵָ¹Ϊ

ָ¹ΪߵڰףǷǵġӶó
ָ¹Ϊһ֤ˮƽĵ£ӻѵָ¹Ϊݣ
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ǻʲôѧʮҵҵһġƭӡѧУ
ôhttp://xian.qq.com/a/20070524/000083_7.htm

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ұ˵ԺйͨѧʦϡȨ

ߣ޺㸦

飬ҪߣGary(),ҪߣҪߣɣҪ
ߣʦҪߣʦҪߣʦ, Ҫߣ˵
Ĵ㣬˵㡣άӭ,Ҫҿ·! ڹ⻪ʱ, Ƕô
ˬ! Ҳ˵ˮƽĿ.

1998 , ǰ, ͱ֤Ҫǣͷһ
ѧо?Ұö⣡άӭҵȥ˰ҴӲ
̨ڹ⻪°߶ϰӲҰ˶ʿ
ʮˣڻֻǿʮˣֻõƽȥһ꼶Σ
ҪܽѧĸԺҿ˭ԸԸɵ£
ίˣ㿪γİҲҵ: 
˵ҰпζӢԭ̲Ľ,ϵ̫,˺öʦķ......

ΪʲôҪ̸Ǯҵĵһ£άӭֻǧԪ
ңǷǳмİΪʲôΪҴǵǮԼǮ
ѧѧ˭ˣգһ
׷!

Ƿ, ʲôȨߣ㻹⻪ʣ
ǹ⻪ʽĽʦò1999ƻʦԺְλ. 
ϽҺͿƽѧΣάӭ㵽ԺְλһģͿƽ
˵! Ϳƽ˵, Բ굱Ժһ! Ҽͬ!ʲôԶ
1999;:ҪƷ˸һ. Ҷе֣Ϊ
ʲôάӭһҪԺذѹ⻪ڳϵ簡꣬
˽ˣҹܺ۾ѧ΢۾ѧάӭԼ
ʲôˣάӭѧĻ˲ŵĿ°Ҵӣ
굽ڶʮǴûб䣡ֻðԼľŵ㵽人ѧģ
ӣȻһʱ価ؼѵΪɽѧ, ƾѧ, 
ѧ㽭ѧ½άʯӴѧæѵԲй
?

ΪʲôѵΪɽѧ, ƾѧ, ѧ㽭ѧ
άʯӴѧæǵ, ȫйշѾ
Ѳؽ. 2001,Ҫÿ뵽й,
ʲἶ. ĿҲ֪: Ҳҳ쵽йѧ
жɷ޹ҵ! ҵĹʺ͸ټ(˰)Ԫ. ȥ
һνҲû, ǰһڱൺвɲ
Ψһһα. Ǹǧ, ҶĶ. Ƿǳ
ֵ, Ϊʲô⻪ʦôߵĽη. ˵ǻûƶ. 
ͨҴǵշѱ׼,Ҳ֪άӭһνշʱ˰ǰ
Ԫ. ҵݴѧ, ôҲ, һҪ
Ԫ, ǼҪ. ˵, ⻪ܴǽ, һСʱһ
. һ: ϴֻ, Ҫάӭ. Ƕũ
ӵ, ô˵ذй. Ƿƶ,Ѹʮ,
. иNobelĴ󾭼ѧҵ(Сʱ)ηҲֻǧԪ! 
άӭʹĵºĶѽ?

Ҷйѧõ. ѧѧ벩ʿѧ, 
æ: 걱()Ү³, 廪(Ͼѧ) 
˹, ˬ˶, ҶǴд绰ѧУ
ڣйĽں˵, ߶ȵرǵĳɼ.人ѧѧ, 
˲ȥͶ, ⼸궼ȥȽϲѧУ.

ΪҪ: ڱѧʱ⻪Ƕ!

ڹ⻪ʱ仹Ҷ(ں͸ڲܵ, 
Ϊûtenure). , ʹ⻪ǰԺθԺ䳣. 
ǻŸѧλ, ԱְڴǮЩǲ˼˵
. һȥ˰ֲһ±һĿȻ.

, ѧԺԺµĽ?! ѧԺԺǷ
Աڼǰ̨ĶԻĿ, Nobelѧ Michael Spence 
, С, ηȫй˵:ԺʱǹѧѧԺ
˹̹ѧԺķԱҿ֤Ϊڹʿʱ꿪
ʼҵϵΣȻҵԺһ꣬
ɡ˵ʱŶʮһ,Լ꣮һΣԺ·
Ҵ·̫٣ڵһʱ̱ӵϣҲķ
ÿϿʱڣǷڣ̺ϣЩԺҪ
! άӭ, 㻹ǵɽѧĻ:㸦ǾԲðģʣ
һλNobelѧйҪð

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ɡٶֽ̰ڼѧѧɹĻӦ

:  ã

һֱŹվѧʱĹȨ©ĳЩѧ࣡
ԩһѧߣ

վļֽڼѧӳϮӣҲѧ
ٵĻظԴˣҲ˼ֽоɹһֵôҹע
⣺

ϱΪٵ

[4],ֽ,η. ڶѡĶ̬Ӱо[J].ϵͳ
ʵ, 2005,(12):2531  

ΪʲôڼֽоɹУѵϵͳʵ
ΣӳδͬԷģǣֽ֪˻
ıίҼԼκεطû׾Ҳ
̱δ

ٿֵоɹɣҵ𰸣

ôһߵֻ4ƪңһƪ2001ģ
ɹˣҪ2002ĹҽܳѧĿ
(70229001)զѽٻᣬͬ䵼ʦһĹ
2005뵽ĹȻѧĿ(70502003)Ӧʱȥɣ
ǻȻ˼ȡ͸ϮĹô
Ѭģ粻ʱ¶佫ٵˮƽһģ

ڻظᵽӦRustȣ1999ĻıҶ˹
̬ܣǹģͱ壬ڷ⡣뿴
p812μģͣԭõBerger (1985)ȻҲԭⲻ
ķ롣ˣٺ޳ܵ˵ˡӦáȻǿ
ʶᵽˡǣˣֽϽͨѧùѧԺ
֡öΪⳭϮ

ڻظлᵽ[3]еĹʽ(1)(2)ֱӦ[1]еĹʽ(1)
(2) ûǻĸʱʽϷֲʽԤƷֲʽ
ĸ֪ʶȫ֪ڽģͷչ̣κ
ĹסôļģѾоͬѵôɺϣ

ǲպоôֽԼѧϿɣ
ɶԱ˾ǳϮˣҲĴѧУĽڣҲ
ѧ羫ӢĽѧ߽ڣҲϽͨѧ
УѧԺԺ

˳ȱ߼susissiѣȻѧĹϵ
͸ˣҴӹȻѧվ http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/
鵽ϢгĽܳԶƪ·֮ǰõ
ģʱϽô̸"ƭȡ"أ 뵽Ŀھ
ˣܵΪõЩװɣܵöԵ˰˵ѪǮɣǣ
֮ûоզ죿£

Susissi˵뿴ƪг£߷ֱRust R T, Inman 
J J, Jia J, et alInman J J, Dyer J S, Jia JJia JǼֽ
ڱˣԼϮԼ̫Цˣ鷳´ιʱҵ˼Ķ
 SusissiզôûأJia Jԭֻǵ3ߣѵ㲻ַԭ
λ׸Ȩ𣿶ңٲǳϮ?

ˣ㽲ôҲǰ׽㲻оǧ
ʿҲϲҵüֽԺʱĲʿ
ˣԼ

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Чķͼ̲ݻ

  С

ڶбͼ鱻úԭڸķ롣
ⱾԭΪҵۡ飬ͨƪݣȴ޸
ˡҵۡе㡰ʱζٿ
BkmarkٳһЩꡱʷ룺

èˡͭ
ɽġ١Ϊٷ棺
ġTOUCHǡоROUGHǡֱ
Сǡ½ξ˫
1/2ǡ1/2 

£

, ձҵоѧߡ1956壬Ĵɶˡ1990ҵ
ʦѧϵִѧרҵ,ѧ˶ʿѧλͬų

Ⱥˡ(ձ)ðա(ձ)ձ
ų淨ƶȡȡڷƷҵۡ(ձ) Ҳ
Ļ湫˾档⣬ˡʫɮ⡷(ձ)Ⱥ׫
дˡ۸սձҵѷ½ձ塷
淢зרҵԼ̽뻰̽ѧġ׫дĶ
ƪȺ󷢱ڡο־йͼ̱ҵ֪ϣ
ҵڽ硢Ҳ̵оձҵйҵõоרҡ 

Ҳ֤ų칫Ϣбƣ
湫˾ƳҰ,ġҵۡһ飬ר
ѡΪҵкܶ⡣ųרΪ
˳򡣡

ͷԣʵԶӦҪ׷ģϸġŴš
׼͡šȱپб׼ҡǿÿѧļ׼
еġҵۡķԶ׿ģƩBkmark
ٳЩӣרʵ⣬ֻҪձһֵѣ
ܾ쵽һ෭صøԷ֡ڡƻ
桷076ڿصĳƪС˵ȡУвεķ

־5ҳϣľӡȰԼļգȰĻ
ʹࡱԭǡHe'd had his art, the joy of it and the spur
haveӵУȻܹɡLoveȰspurһʸǺʹ
޸ϵǡ̼˼

ͨߵģԲĲʵķĵϸġ

У37ҳһ䣬СӾĹű߰Ͱ
϶λǲ֮ľ룬˵뵽Ը𾴵Ŀע
ɣһĳβȡʮֹǸ
׼ 

ԭΪNot this child, Devin thought ruefully, gauging the 
distance and the light from where they were hidden among the trees 
north of the ribbon of road the Barbadians had just ridden along. He 
looked with even more respect than before at Alessan and the crossbow 
he'd picked up from a cache they'd looped past on the way here. 

˴ԭĺĵطʵ̫࣬Ҵ©֮Ҹķ
ǣСӾͰ첻ľɥ뵽ţͰ͵϶
С·һС·һ
͹ۣһԽ𾴵ע
ɣеʮֹղߵ·ϣɭһβȡ
ʮֹ

Կ߶ԡġ͡Ͱ͵϶λöŪ
Ƿú㣬ɾϸڵ֡ͬأͨߴǶȻ
Ƴġ

ڵ62ҳϣ֣ǳηΪǷֵ
̲صҲΪһЩԼĳЩԶܵ
͡ٻŮİҥԡȻЩҥԴĿġ
ˣλܹѾ໥֮⡣ո˿
֮ҲͬŦάϵ˴΢ƽ⣬ܵά
ŴͶʧܵŮ˺ȥ˵ĹȽŵ硣

ԭΪShe had feared Vencel once, a fear mixed of physical 
revulsion at his grossness and rumors of the things he liked to do 
with the younger castrates and some of the women who were in the 
saishan for purely political reasons, with no hope of ever seeing the 
outside world or the west wing of the palace and Brandin's chambers. 
Long ago though she and the saishan head had reached their 
understanding. Solores had the same unspoken pact with Vencel, and out 
of the delicate balance achieved thereby the three of them controlled, 
as best they could, their enclosed, over-intense, incense-laden world 
of idle, frustrated women, and half-men. 

ڵķͬͨ޷͸ģ

1 physical revulsion at his grossnessˡֵ
̲ص"revulsionʲô˼ǡų⡱˼
˼ŮӶԴ󸹱㡢ӷ׵˱ܵ񣬻˵
ϵ񡱡

2 who were in the saishan for purely political reasons, with no 
hope of ever seeing the outside world or the west wing of the palace 
and Brandin's chambersΡthe womenģӣ
©ˡ

ԭĵ˼˵ҥ˵һЩ̫һЩŮϹ
㣬ЩŮӽ󹬣Ϊԭûϣټ
磬Ҳ̤㲻˺󹬵Ͳ͡޹

3 еġȻЩҥԴĿġƻľˣ
ʱ˼·

4 their enclosed, over-intense, incense-laden world
ֻover-intenseȽšһenclosedգ"
incense-landenŰķСȱλˡ

5 ͶʧܵŮˡԭǡidle, frustrated womenˡұ׾
ͷӵеӢǵﶼ鲻idleС͡ͨ
벻ɣ֪˴ġ͡λϣԭӦǡ
¡ʣ

Ҷƪĵķ󲢷٣񼸴Ըлɵĵط֤ԭģ
ַּ¼

ҹĿǰķгӣ룬׼ռ»Ӧ
ϸִйطɣϹ淶ͼĳر༭ǿ
ͷҪصϸĳʹҵԱĴҵʸ

ǰ˿Ͻҷಿͼ⣬ٿºĴ
ҳϵȱλֵ˼

ڴ֮ǰ˿Ϊһҳѧѧܺѧרҵ
ҲԹעҹĿǰķͼڵ⡣

öBkmarkĲ֣ڴ˱ʾл
ԭλãhttp://www.douban.com/review/1165589/

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ҽڹʵλ

ߣ

ҽǲйĴͳҽѧʷ϶ܶ಻ͬ
ͳҽѧĴͳҽѧۺʵ϶кܴĲͬǵķ
ĶҲȴǻͬġҲ˵ͳҽѧۿ϶󲿷
ȷģͬͬһּôȫͬͶǺ
أִҽѧִѧһ֣ȫͳһģѾ
ܡʱķչִҽѧȻȡеĴͳҽѧȻĴͳ
ҽѧڸԹҷչʷҲһƼãͳҽ
ѧ˥ǱȻġͳҽѧһЩмֵĶԱִҽѧգ
ͳҽѧдڵļֵ󲿷ֹҶԴͳҽѧȡ
̬ȡ

йⱣйĴͳҽѧҪҽҩ
йкܴгԺ֧ܶҽ˾ҽϺܶഫͳҽѧ
࣬ͳҽѧӦֻҽԺִҽѧͥ⣬
ػ룬ִҽѧܽҽѧ⣬ҽῴϢ
˵ҽôӣ ˺ϲҽƺϳִҽѧ
ҽˡٿйҵĴͳҽѧڹҲܵνӵϢ

ڹʮ꣬ΪҽĴͳҽѧ
ٶڣӡȣīȹҵĴͳҽѧ ҽǵĵλ
൱еĴͳҽѧĳϺӡй۾еӡȴ
ͳҽѧĵλӡ۾еҽλ۾еҽͳ
ҽѧһģΪҵĴͳҽѧ˹ŮNBAи
˶ԱKim Perrot1999ΰȥȽִҽѧƣû
׶īȥѰҽѧ
ִҽѧĻƣʵīĴͳҽѧ


http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/basketball/wnba/news/1999/08/19/obit_perrot_ap/

˹صҽϰٸKim PerrotѲûѡ
ҽΪֶΣɼΪīĴͳҽѧҽãϣ
ҽͽ˵һܴźKim Perrotҽ
ƣҸҿ϶ҽҲβáиţʱ˵ҽӳ
ţƤ˭Ҳû취⣡

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ظϡҽİţҽ۵ۡ

ߣ¿ķ굶

䡶ҽİţҽ۵ۡУҵġ
ҽ̸¼иСôһۣ¿ĸ굶ҽǲǿ
ѧϵҽǲǿѧʵ𰸶е֪ʶ߼Ӧǲ
Զˣʶҽҽݡ̫ɱǿѧ
Ǿ飬գȻһСʵٴҽҽ
ƵĺܶҲաǿѧʹҽǲᣬ
Ӧı硣

ûʵ⣬Եҽҽ
һֿѧĹ۵㡣˵ġʵ𰸶е֪ʶ߼Ӧǲ
Զˡ֤ľҽҽһֿѧĹ۵Ǵġ
ҽΪҽһֱľ飬߳գԴҲԣ
ܳҽһֿѧ

Ůǹ㷺ľ̸֮ˣڿ޻̸֮
ﲡںܶҲһָ߳ˣڷӵġﲡΪʲô
ţһб׵Ȼǧ꣬Ҳδؿɿ
ѧԭͷм顣

ѧǾ˿ѧԭͷ֪ʶɿ֪ʶڶĳ
ĿѧԭδֻҪרҳĳǿѧͷǳ
θСǿѧҽרϿѧñӣͻ󵼹
жȡΪҽǲǿѧһǳҪġҪ
⡣

(XYS20070614)

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Eudoxus

Eudoxusβժԡѧʦ֮йĻѡ
ͬй200611³棩һ72ҳͬά
ѧԼҽģԡй֮꡷ǡÿṩ
ҽɵɹҽѱ¹ʵࡣ

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Ϊҽ󣬺ܳһʱڶ޴ֱ֪1994ο÷
׫д˼ɷ򸾴ǡй֮꡷棬˹68ǰЭҽǴ
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֪ȣЭҽԺָƽʿгʱ
ɲμλʵϰҽ˽½˵˱ƽ
Һֵ໤ʿõڶƤϱλã˵طʿͶ
гǽûϸ˶һ¹̨ԱߵXƬ
ҵĴ֮̾ͷˣЭҽԺɡ
ܡ鵵

ϺףĺѣλʵϰҽҲ죬ʵң
˵ֱڣйûк֪ܶҲʵԣ
ΪҴӺʿ֪ǴԺͲǳŵ
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ɹȻƽȶҪ󾭼ȨӦ֮ЧʶҪʱɣ
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Ԫʶ̬У֪ܳѧ˼ȴδ
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⣬˶ֹͬ۵㡣ǣһʵ֡˵ƽȡ
ѧ˳˵һ䣬˵ƽȻǿ֤ʵһԵ
⣬ĳԲܣҲҪ֤ݡҿɲòնĻΪ
ܿںŻ߹Һʵ֡˵ƽȡʵ֡˵ƽȡҪһ
̣ﲻǿҪһʱ䣬ǿ裩Ҫʵ֡
ƽȡԼ̽Ѱʲôǡ˵ƽȡѧȻҪġܸѷ
˵֪ɼߣȥûУҲС

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ţһЩαϾܿǣҿɲԸ
աڼķʽ⡪ѧԳΪһֽⶾ

䣺

ƪһ˵

[] leo @ 2007-6-12 16:12:28
ȷǵ.ɴ¹кܶĿѧ.


ɴ¹ûж١Ŀѧҡûжٿѧɴ¹ڼ
ӿֵģΪʲôɴֿ֧ѧôǾͲ
壨˳˵һ䣬ֵּۣȻÿѧԲ⣩
Сѧαѧӵָ

ڵ˼ԽңҲԽ׳Ϊαѧ۵ķ²αѧڽ
ĳһ죬ܻܵһЩǿμŵ֧֡Ժĸ
Կģ¹׼ѧĸǺϣյͬʱġ¹
ûѧܹϺõѵѵ׵ɴѧ
ķ


Ҳ̸

Ī֮ @ 2007-6-12 16:00:26 Ķ(2276) ͨ : δ

ҵ⣬һֽηĹߣϰ
ĵӦ壬ӦǶһͳƣ˶
ԭ֮⣬аȨķƺ⡢Ρεݣͬģ
ҵ⣬ѧһѧĳϵео
ͻı־ʵȷʽ뾭ĻϵϰƵ
ҲӦǹضԴͳһͳƣĿѧ֮⣬а
Եļֵķߵݣˣ߾ٵ
ʱ֮һĺµĿɲĿѧѧһ
֤

ҲˣԽѧĺйԶԶģ
ͻп˵ĳ쵼ƣ⣬ν
ƣҲ˼ԭϵ󡣶ڿѧҲ
ȷ˵ĳѧǲȷͬʡνѧչ
ֱۣӽٷģȷչۣΪǡѧڴˣ
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ǣ¹ڶߵУҽѧϸ޶Ϊ
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ȣѧԷչĲ֮֮Կȥأ
ں̶ܴΪǵͬԴϵ

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˵ִִѧ䷢ͳȴͬǰߵĴ¹켣
ΪרƹҶȨĿ˷ʵѧƽ
ռɣΣĽϡߵĴ¹켣Ϊ
ѧϵʽ΢ѧеĲˣµķʶ
ǰǡߵĹͬڣͼ˵ųȶʾ
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̳ձĲɰӵ־ĸ˵ļٶڿ͹֪ʶ
̳˶ӵйɣϵ۲ɫӣһϣ
ǳԣǴ˱ģͬʱҲ
ģϣйѧϰĹؼڶĿ˷
δҪ壬һ̵ֱֹͬй֪ʶӵĿ
ԭ򣬾ǵĳ㣩


ΣѧҪԣҪԡ

ѧͬΪԷչĲȶ벻ԵáѧҪ
ԴŲҪǿҪԼꡣϿѡȨ
ʹΪҪݵƶȣֻҪڳʶĻ֮ϣֻҪ
䳣ʶжϸ˭ʹȨⲢҪʲôרҵ֪ʶҲѡ
ȵۻǣʶִƶȵķСķ
ᣬǹĿŸᣬ֮䣬ײ֮䣬
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ͳΪѡ뱻ѡߣͬʱҲǱͳͳߣıȻѡ
ҲԴʷй۲쵽εķչҲʼհʶ̬ʹڴ
ķչϣҲǹΣҪ൱߳


ѧش

ҵ⣬һʱռλõĿѧۣиǿ
ղ׵ĿЩܽ͸󣬸Լۣھʤ
ζţ뾺ƶſѧĽǣҵǣܵĿѧ
ˣʵֻѧѧȱȽϸĿѧ۲źϺ
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Թ켣һЩܻµʽװ¾ʱĿѧ
һʧҵ⣬ȿԲظԣҲ
Կ͹ۻӽǣҪģԼֵٶĲ졣

ˣ漰ֵһ֮ԱѡȫΪ
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˸õıǰӣҾһЩսɾõ⣬
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嵽ĹܲѡȨʹˣǰ
ڸ߶ȸӿŵľ͹УѡȻݳʶֵ̬Ĵ
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Ԫʶ̬У֪ܳѧ˼ȴδǺ
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ʵѡģ仰˵ͨüʵӦʵ
ʵϽ˾İװĻﵱУ

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شȻʶ̬ҪݲͬļֵѡȷȻҲһ
ʵãʱ򣬿ѧȴδô׼Ĵ仰˵۶
ʵ飬ڲŶǲļΪ֧ߵֶΣ
ѡٵսϣΧƼֵĲҪڶʵ̽



ѧ벻ԣߵĹϵȴδؽܡһѧԸ߶ȷ
δؾͻͬΪĺļֵ˵ƽȣԼɴ
Ķԭ򣩣˵ƽȻǿ֤ʵһֵٶ
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ŵؽԼϵġСҿˡ

Ҫǣ֪ʶûУַ⽨ũҵĻеͨǰ
ǲ˵ûѡڰһרšš˵
Ĳϣе˶ýͶƱⲻһ
ţϵΣ޿һôһԩǡ
ʼδﻢµһ㡣޿ΪǸʿ
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߶Ⱥгţ

ߣ 

쳣ԼҪǻţ᲻ᷢˣƣ
ǻ᲻ôǰ⣬ҷǳϧϵ
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ƨѹһšţһЩƽߺɡж˼ߵı
֣ͻȻҵŲ΢ҡڡ

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ǶʱΪʲôôֱôųα֮
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һţġжЩԸֱӵв̸Ц
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ǰ㴵죬ء-----ӵЦҲЩ
ɬҲ㾭һЩ̣ͬ־ӪͻȻɥ
ͷˣٻЩɡ

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ڡڡԽж

ߣBoating

Ƚһԭе˼˵ġлǾǸлҡ
ҡһָָӦøлdrunkpianoơ
drunkpianoƵԭҲûжκ˼

ΣҲ֪ǷлΪŬˡ
ǷҪл˭ֻԼĹ۵㣬ںԺԶֻл


̸һͿѧĹϵ⡣drunkpiano˵Ĳѧо
벻ɡdrunkpianoٳӣ磬ĸжԸеƣ
ͽ̻ԿѧʿĴݲУԾеĶ־磬ȴ˵ɶ
ѧҪԡ

Ķͬһʱڣҹԭӵ˹ϳţȵء
⼸˵רƶԿѧҪԣȻѾеǲ
ˡ

ԿѧҪϣdrunkpianoҲٳһӣú͡
Ŀ100ھʺͣӾ͸˵ͿѧĹϵˡ

ǧǰʼԼרƶõȨ޽˶ߣǧ
ȥڷáʱ޿ѧǼϵĶȴ綥ġ
Ҳκ˵óרƶöԿѧҪ

ѧԼľ񣬶úдٽ谭á
Կѧ谭Բμһڸϸоϵ̬ȡ

ѧϵɲƶĹĻȨɡƶ
ԴɵۺԵ˼ٽѧķչҲԡˮ
ҽԵĶڣ谭ѧĽרƻʧȥ
۵˵һЩΥĵĻ谭ѧķչҲѹס⽨ţΪ
ѧɨһϰ

ǶûֻҪ˿ѧĺȣؽǱѧ
һߵֻҪ˿ѧһģһ᳢ѧ͸
Ƕ

Ҳ˻ʣɵ˵ľ״̬Ҫȶר
Ķ࣬Կ϶Կѧϵ̽Ըѧо˻
ӦøлЩ˹׵ˡ

⣬̸ѧѧһƺҲһֹ
ڿѧоרıһݹ˳ɹԼҲõ˻ر
ɹ࣬ԸݳɹıԲóƱ
илرǷӦøлѧҲһ⡣
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ҪôƭǮܸѧı˻бҪԼ
ſѧ

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õֶĹǷҪлЩǰɵʿ

Ȳ̸ʿǿʲôıģǵȤרʲôЩ
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򰢣ԻҪмˡѾûбҪٺ̸ʲôˣ
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ߣquarkino

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ʦַˣˮ̵"սˮ"ӵǸԵ֧ߣ
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ҲǷŲ̨ġټϺһЩ˽µ̸Ҳ˳ǾԵø"
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һЩͿ˵絽ʦǶҲľͲáҵĿ
ڷ֮ǰɸѡϸһЩϿɵر粵
˫Եģ׳ͱʶġԵҾڷʦߡ

ףҵĿԭϴþ£
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Ϊϵ飬͸رǸʵԭίõİ취һ㣬
ӹһһΪ޺㸦ʦֵ壬Ϊйѧ
չƸ˵ʧȭȭ֮Ҳ˸ж˼Ҳͬ顣һ
ԣڵ֧ЩԸ鹫֮ڣִ
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ˡ 

޺㸦ʦ˵άӭʦʮСˡе
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շѵ飬Ҹ˵òӦ𡣼ʹ޺㸦ʦ˸ܽη
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鳾䶨֮һõѧУԼԸµľѧ
ɼάӭǿһƺʧΪһɿǵѡ

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жǸȤʱƷԽʯ

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ܶó³

Ҳ֪жԣҶڼԼжʱĿ
ƺǱϣںвͣڵԸַʽϡӦ
Ʒбжȡһˡ

޲˽⣬ֻ֪˵໰һɡ˵ô뺷˿
ʼԺгΪ󣬲˺ͷַ󲻶ϵĽͣȥͦ֡Ҳ
֣ҲΪ۲ܵСʧ˳
ţҵʾͶˡɴ˿ɼǸеķ࣬
ķࡣǷӣһؽԭ򲻽飬Է˭ʶ
ͣ˭ԷȻҪʣ˭ʸҪ˭Ҳ
ǷծøɶɶĻѧء 

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ٵ

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ڵģڱȽϺͬѧͷͬѧԱһЩţ
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