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Name: Zhang Yangde                   Sex: Male         Nationality: Chinese

Working Unit: National Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery Research Center, Ministry of Health, P.R.China

Tel: 86-731-4327991 4327939            Mobile Phone: 86-13907310192

Fax:86-731-4327987 4327993            E-mail: ZYD@2118.cn

Address: 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R.China

Working Position:

  Director       National Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery Research Center, 

Ministry of Health, P. R. China

  Director       National Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, 

Ministry of Health, P. R. China

  President      Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Central South University

  Director       Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University  

  Director       Organ Transplantation Center, Central South University

Chief Editor    China Journal of Endoscopy

  Chief Editor    China Journal of Modern Medicine

  Chief Editor    Chinese Medical Engineering

  

Working Experience

1978.9-1990    Resident, attending doctor, associate professor, Professor, Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Medical University

1989-Current    Chief editor, China Journal of Endoscopy, China Journal of Modern Medicine and Chinese Medical Engineering

1987-1991       Obtained PH. D., Biomedical Engineering, U.S.A.

1991.3-1991.12   Studied in Stockholm, Sweden 

1994.7-Current    Director and doctoral advisor, National Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery Research Center, Ministry of Health, P. R. China 

1995            Did collaborative researches in State Biotechnology Research Center, Cuba, for 6 months

1996.2-Current    Visiting professor, National Cancer Research Center, National Institute of Health, U.S.A

1996-1997       Did collaborative researches with institutes in Spain, Sweden, Britain and Germany

1999-Current     Chief editor, Endoscopy and Radiology, U.S.A.

2000-Current    President, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Central South University 

2001-Current    Director, Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University  

                Director, Organ Transplantation Center, Central South University 

2001-Current    Expert-in-chief, Expert committee of National the Tenth Five-year Plan 863 programs subject (the special subject of nanobiology, drug sieve and establishment of animal models)

                Biomedicine expert, Committee of National Key Programs of Nanotechnology   

2002.10-Current   Director, National Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Ministry of Health, P. R. China 

2003.6-2003.8    Visited Germany and did clinical researches on artificial liver  

 

Positions in national and international academic organizations 

President, Endoscopist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association  

Vice-president, International Endoscopist Association (U. S. A.)   

Vice-president, US-Asian International Exchange Foundation 

Director, Committee of Japanese Explosive Association (Researching on micro-explosion of biliary calculi)

Director, Committee of International Explosive Association, U.S.A. (Researching on directed micro-explosion of biliary calculi)

Director, Committee of International Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery Association (Britain)

Director, Chinese Medical Association

Committee director, Hunan Endoscopy Committee, Chinese Medical Association

Committee director, Hunan Surgery Committee, Chinese Medical Association

 

Research in cross-disciplines

After clinical medical education in China, I received systemic education of science and engineering in United States, laid solid foundation of science and engineering which makes it better to combine medicine with engineering and bring different thoughts together. 

 

Untaken Key Research Programs:

1.         Key scientific and technological tackled subject of the Tenth Five-year Plan: Research of autofluorescence analysis of early colorectal cancer under endoscopes

2.         Program of NIH, U.S.A.: Sequencing research of 1 Kb DNA compounded by heat circulation method 

3.         National the Ninth Five-year Plan 863 Program: Research on transplantation of microcapsuled and gene-modified liver cells.

4.         Sino-Cuban Key Program of Scientific and Technological Collaboration: Diagnosis research of laser-induced autofluorescence analysis of early colorectal cancer under endoscopes

5.         Program of US-Asian International Exchange Foundation: Image analysis and scan techniques under colonoscopes

6.         Clinical Key Construction Program of Ministry of Health, P.R.China: Research of treating  nexcisable liver cancer by isolating liver perfusion

7.         Sino-Cuban collaborative program: Research on pharmacodynamics of Cholesolvin

8.         Hunan Scientific and Technological Tackled Key Program: Diagnosis system of laser-induced autofluorescence analysis of early colorectal cancer

9.         National the Tenth Five-year Plan Scientific and Technological tackled Plan: Intelligent electroscope and image processing system under endoscopes

10.     National the Tenth Five-year Plan Scientific and Technological tackled Plan: New craft and corresponding nanopreparation of drawing activity flavone and ester terpene by propolis

11.     National the Tenth Five-year Plan Nanomaterial of 863 Program and Great Project of Electric System of Computer: Nanobioactive material for tissue engineering

12.     National the Tenth Five-year Plan 863 Program: Treating liver malignant tumors by magnetic nanodrug carriers

 

Four achieved clinical breakthroughs:

Developed the technology of directed micro-explosion of biliary calculi under colonoscopies 

Researched and developed a laser-induced autofluorescence endoscopic diagnosis system of early colorectal cancer

Treatment of liver cancer with nanodrug carriers

Developed a biodegraded nanobone materials collaborated with an institute in U.S.A.  

 

Mainly received awards:

1.         Micro-explosion of biliary calculi: the first prize of scientific and technological progress of Hunan Province; an outstanding prize of achievements of the national natural science fund. It was proven to an initial move in this field.

2.         Laser-induced autofluorescence endoscopic diagnosis system of early colorectal cancer: the first prize of scientific and technological progress of Hunan Province  

3.         Research on TaqDNA polymerase : the first prize of medical progress prize in science and technology of Hunan Province; the second prize of scientific and technological progress of Hunan Province

4.         Effects and protection of blocked blood streams into liver on patients: the second prize of scientific and technological progress of Hunan Province

 

Mainly received patents:

1.         Production of nanodrug carriers                                          Patent No.: 02114356.0

2.         Bioactive nanobone materials                                            Patent No.: 02114355.2

3.         Production of Microcapsuled liver cells Suspension                           Patent No.: 02114357.9

4.         Explosion triggering gun                                                 Patent No.: 88218289

5.         Pipes used for treating the biliary tract                                      Patent No.: 8921931.4

6.         Racking machine that can let the test tube be irritated into the liquid automatically   Patent No.: 1212082.7

7.         Multi-functional suction apparatus                                         Patent No.: 92231031.5

8.         Air-cooled and lamp-heated PCR instrument                                 Patent No.: 94171022.3

9.         Water jet scalpel                                                        Patent No.: 942310519

10.     Xiao Jianzhong instant granules                                           Patent No.: 94113186.6

11.     Jing Chang powder                                                     Patent No.: 94113187.4

12.     Compound konjaku tablet                                                Patent No.: 94113188.2

13.     Laser-induced autofluorescence diagnosis instrument of early colorectal cancer     Patent No.: 97108217.0

14.     Production method of two-way immune modifer                              Patent No.: 98112544.1

15.     Preparation method of galactose Albumin                               Patent No.: 200410046676.0

16.     Preparation method of adriamycin-polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles       Patent No.: 200410046648.9

                                                

17.     Preparation method of galactose Albumin magnetic Adriamycin nanoparticles  Patent No.: 200410046650.6

18.     Preparation method of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles                Patent No.: 200410046649.3

19.     Preparation method of Albumin nanoparticles                            Patent No.: 200410046676.0

20.     Preparation method of galactose alginic acid- Poly-1-lysine nanoparticles      Patent No.: 200410046679.4

21.     Preparation method of galactose hydroxyapatite-calcium phosphate-Poly-1-lysine nanoparticles

                                                                    Patent No.: 200410046678.X

 

Clinical Surgery

At the end of 1980s, I studied the clinical application of endoscopy thoroughly and systematically in American, and introduced them into China. Nowadays, the clinical application of endoscopy and mini-invasive operation have been widely adopted around China, which proved the assumption of successfully finishing multi-organ operation by endoscopy without being surgically operated. 

In 1994, the national training base of endoscopy----National Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery Research Center was founded. Till today, the laparotomy operation has completed for 1,1000 case.

In 1995, China Journal of Endoscopy, which is the key national journal of clinical endoscopy, was published.

In 1997, Endoscopics, which was the first national monograph of clinical endoscopy, was published by Peoples Health Press, of which I was chief director in charge.   

Translated the authorized monographic book Surgical Study on Laparotomy Operation published in America.

Edited three collections teaching materials of ministry of health,  Endoscopy of Enteron, and won the third prize awarded by General Administration of Press and Publication and the 4th National Excellent Educational Video Product by Ministry of Education.

Led the study of clinical endoscopy in China and is the vice chairman of the International Endoscopist Association.

In 1997, I successfully finished the first operation in treating unexcisable late phase liver caner by the method of isolating liver perfusion in China.

In 2004, I was named as the chairman of endoscopist association that affiliated to Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and presided the assessment and examination of endoscopists qualification license.

At the end of 2001, I successfully operated on orthotopic auxiliary liver transplantation, in which the livers of patients were with multi-organs dysfunction.  

In 2004, I edited two books that are Bioinformatics and Nanobiotechnology, both were published by Science Press.

Recently, study on curing tumors combined with effects of magnetic nanoparticles and Hypothermia.   

 

Teaching Achievements

Supervising Doctors of Surgery, Masters of Surgery, Postdoctors of Surgery.

Supervising Doctors of Biomedical Engineering, Master of Biomedical Engineering, Postdoctors of Biomedical Engineering.

Mainly being charged with in the teaching of Surgery for undergraduates of 5-years and 7-years program. 

Mainly being charged with teachings of Endoscopics, Bioinformatics and Nanobiotechnology for 7-years graduate students.

 

Publications

In total, there are 6 monographs and 141 papers. 

1.         Theory and application of Polymerase Chain Reaction. Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha, 1994

2.         Clinical prescription menu for doctor. Chemical Industrial Press, Beijing, 1998

3.         Endoscopy. Peoples Health Press, 1999

4.         Biological Informatics. Science Press, Beijing, 2004

5.         Nanobiological Technology. Science Press, Beijing, 2004

6.         Chief translator of the authorized monographic book Surgical Study on Laparotomy Operation published in America, 2001

7.         Edited three collections teaching material of heal ministry Endoscopy of Enteron, and won the third prize awarded by General Administration of Press and Publication and The 4th National Excellent Educational Video Product by Ministry of Education.

8.         Zhang Yangde, Wang Guangsuo, Pan Yifeng, et al. Studies of targeting effects of lactosaminated nanoparticle gene carrier on liver. J Med Eng, 2002; 10(6): 12-16

9.         Zhang Yangde, Gong Liansheng. Preparation and properties of magnetic Albumin nanoparticles containing Adriamycin. China Journal of Modern Medicine. 2001; 11 (3): 1-3

10.     Zhang Yangde, Liu Jinbo. Involvement of studying polyisohexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. China Journal of Modern Medicine. 2003, 13(4): 31-35

11.     Zhang Yangde, Ma Ren, He Jiantai, et al. The treatment of acute liver failure by using transplanted microencapsulated syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic hepatocytes. Chin J Surg. 2001;18(1): 47-49

12.     Zhang Yangde, Xu Yumin, Peng Jian. Viability and histological changes of encapsulated rat hepatocyte after transplantaion. Chin J Organ Transplant. 2001; 22(3):161-163

13.     Zhang Yangde, Tang Guilin, Liu Weidong, Peng Jian. Differences in laserinduced autofluorescence between normal and carcinomatous colorectal tissues. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery. 2001;10(4): 205-209

14.     Zhang Yangde, Peng Jian. Magnetic Albumin nanoparticles containing AdriamycinC An effective method on anti-tumor system. China Journal of Modern Medicine. 2001; 11(3): 39-42

15.     Zhang Yangde, Peng Jian, Qin Jianmin. The effect of NO precursor or NOS inhibitor on survival of rats with acute liver failure. Chin J Gen Surg. 2001; 16 (11): 685 

 

Chief Editor of Founded Journals 

1.         China Journal of Endoscopy, monthly published.

2.         China Journal of Modern Medicine, half-monthly published.

3.         China Medical Engineering, monthly published.

 

Honors 

1.         Science and Technology Prize of Chinese Youth  2004

2.         Outstanding Teacher of Hunan Province  2004

3.         Pioneer of National Health System  2004

4.         First Outstanding Experts of Hunan Province  2002

5.         Excellent Studying Returnee of Hunan Province  Jan, 1999

6.         American World Award for Achievement  Oct, 1996

7.         One of the First 100 Stars of Medical Science and Technology in China  Feb, 1995

8.         Award of Brilliancy of Sci-Technology by Ministry of Science and Technology  Dec, 1994

9.         Precursor of National League of Young People  Dec, 1992

10.     Middle-Youth Age Outstanding Expert of P.R. China  Nov, 1991

11.     Specific Governmental Allowance by State Department  Oct, 1990

12.     Switzerland Ambitious Great Person  Dec, 1989

13.     Outstanding Expert of Ministry of Health  Oct, 1988

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Retraction
Self-Assembled Si Quantum-Ring Structures on a Si Substrate by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Based on a Growth-Etching Competition Mechanism (p 2412) 
L. W. Yu, K. J. Chen, J. Song, J. Xu, W. Li, H. M. Li, M. Wang, X. F. Li, X. F. Huang 
Published Online: 10 Sep 2007 
DOI: 10.1002/adma.200790067 
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/116314595/ABSTRACT

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Self-Assembled Si Quantum-Ring Structures on a Si Substrate by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Based on a Growth-Etching Competition Mechanism**
By Lin Wei Yu, Kun Ji Chen*, Jie Song, Jun Xu, Wei Li, Hong Min Li, Mu Wang, Xue Fei Li,
and Xin Fan Huang

We submitted the above manuscript to Advanced Materials, which included the following content:
1) The growth of self-assembled Si quantum ring structures by a plasma-enhanced CVD method;
2) A growth-etching competition mechanism for the rings formation;
3) Observation of an ultra-long parallel Si nanowire structure from the evolution and impingement of neighboring Si rings;
4) The vertical electrical property of the Si ring structures measured by conductive AFM measurement.
We guarantee the authenticity and validity of the experimental data. 
However, content items 1) and 2) had already been included in another 
manuscript, submitted to Physical Review Letters, which was 
subsequently published (Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 98, 166102).We did not 
notify the editors of this fact. Based on this situation, we hereby 
issue a retraction of the above paper. The authors, with the 
exceptions of Hong Min Li and MuWang, apologize sincerely to the 
readers, referees and editors for violating the guidelines of ethical 
publication. We also apologize to our colleagues Hong Min Li and Mu 
Wang for mishandling of the manuscript.

Linwei Yu, Kunji Chen, Jie Song, Jun Xu, Wei Li, Xuefei Li, Xinfan Huang
Advanced Materials 2007, 19, 1577C1581.
DOI: 10.1002/adma.200602804

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ƣŷ˿УXSY20051216ץ
һˡ˹˼ڸģŪ޸ıͼһͶֺ
Ϸ⣬һֱûΰԼ޳ɺ

ȥhttp://www.neau.cn/pubview.php?id=5582&cid=0

ϲɺذͽţʦʡںˡʲô
ʤϵม

ܾʲôطԣʡѧMIT

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ڴ߲ܵģŹʺҲᷢġ

Դ뻷ѧԺѧũӭʮУ족ϵѧ֪ͨ

2007-06-12 10:11:55    Դ뻷ѧԺ

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빤̿ѧѧũ̬ѧί

ӭʦμӣ

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ˣҹдһƪ顣Ͼ˸Ҵ绰вҡҸȷ
ҵжϣ֤ԽԽ࣬д˵ڶƪ顣ȷļǣ
һ人ӡˢķǷȻо⿯ţ濯ÿƪ
߶Ҫһʰѣβ롣ձԲʿ֮人
УһЩѧ༭ʵУԹˡнۡ
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дŸңӲʩִ绰ңҲΪд˵
ƪ飬ܴ졣μҺ
ȷʾ֧ңҲҪעⰲȫպֲȡ˺ֶܶΣһ
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˭ҲѾⵤƽˡ

ֻ徲һѡǣ쵼ң˵յ
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Ѱҽֵĺۣͬܶ۵㣬Ҳ
ҹ֮ͬͬʱҴ۵ۣЩ֮ʣҲ
֮2λôΪһҽֶҽ
ۣǿҵĲҽʵ̫ӣοͷͣ
ˡĺô΢ЩͷҲĶȥˡ
ڴҲȥѰ۵ֻ֧򷴲ǰҵ˼·͹ۡ
ԳҽһЩ

1.	ҽרҵˮƽҽƷˮƽ

಻ͬ򡢲ͬҽԺҽйӴҲһЩ
ҽͬѧУ̽۹ҽҽˮƽ졣Ƚ϶Ŀǣڲ
ͬҽѧԺͬͬҽԺˮƽһһЩҽԺͿ
ٴˮƽֱ׷һڶͲҽԺҽˮ׼Ƿѡ
˶ӦǣͬҽԺҽˮƽĲԶȹСҽ
˱׼ߡ

ֲԭҷ·棺ҽʦأô
ĶǾӢϸҽʦʸԣڹҲʵˣסԺҽʦ
רҽʦںõҽԺûٵҽԺҽѧ
ҵֱӷ䣬ȫʵʱûʦ͹淶ʵѵٺҲ
УԺУٵҽԺ޿ɾҩнȫ˲ž
ƶȣ٣ɺõҽԺ˲ŹʣںأҽԺλ
ȷ棻ΪˮƽĲ죬ҽԺͥУҽԺſȸһ
졣

ҪǽҽƷˮƽھᷢչȡ˾޴
Ŵ˲ϽѾĸƲ⣬ĸĴѧҵѳΪҽ
м᣻ѧձߣڴѧҽԺҽзоѾټˣ
ȡٴоҲͬΪоʵһ̶
סԺҽʦרҽʦãҽˮƽ
ûƶǰ岻ɵ͹ʵҽʦʸԺ֤
żδܹҽѧԱҽʦλҽ
ʦȹһҽԺ׷١¼ǿӦ¼
ʱСɻҽԺרƷֹҲʼϸڡƶѧƣ
ܹεļӣҽƷ桢ƳƶȽƣ
ҽĶߣڿӻڡԼڲͬҽԺ
Ѷ蹵ʼխѭ֤ҽѧʼ㷺ռ𲽽ܣҽԺ
һЩ˳ӣִ豸ӦáռβӲ
ʩƣڷƯĴ¥СͻĲյ
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ŵҪ󣬷ǿ֮ҽƷˮƽ
뵱Ȼ󣬵δصǹᷢչˮƽĳЩƫ۵Ϊ


Ҳвõƣҽ۵ͣҽԼְҵҲ
ãҽѧרҵѧ¼ȡ½ԣƴѧϲкԭصҽ
ѧԺУۺԴѧԭ٣ҽѧ
ҪԴһԺУҽѧרҵԺУڵҽʦִҵƶȺͲȨ
ʶߣʵϰҽҽʵԽԽ٣ҵֱӵȱ
ѵĻҽԺרҵˮƽǣкܴѧѧ粻á

2.	ҽҽҽϵ

ҽԱкܸߵĵڴ-----Ϊʹһְҵ
ҵԱĵˮ׼ûкƶȱȴʵĵҪעҪʧ
ܡҲ˵ҽв޵ѡΣǺųҪ²ż汸ĹԱѡΣҲ
ѡǰ̵档ʵȷʵ಻
֣ҽԱ۸һˣΪǡ
˵ĳ¸и߹٣ԱҵȫҵԱ˿
ôͳ----ĵͨ2003ĻݵԳֹȫ
˻

ҽʹĳƺԸѵҽһְֺҵ
һıֶΣΪԼְҵµͬʱȨά档ʵϣ
СʹСħҽԱǾмķˣǼ
ְأҲʵְҵҪ֮䣬
Ŭصµߡ

ҽϵв˵ĸߵҪвʳĸҵ
ҲҽΪܵʵиҽҲһ
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ѣҽֻ֮սѰ໥ء໥ΣܺսʤħȻܱ
ʵҽ֮ȴ߶Ȳֲ֣ȵļ飬ʹ
໼ʧȥŵƷɵĴѪͻ
ɵ˺ˡÿ̳Կ޳ܵҽɱ˵
ҽԺʱҾ̲ס˵һҪսʤһڶƶԼҽ
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ȥҽȴհҽ˶֣ǲǸԼȥΪҽԺ
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ҽ֮ԻҪڶԷҵ򲻻֡ڡҪ
һΥԵĽʵַȨһص
ȥġˣ˵ҽһּķ

3.	ҽϵ֮ҽ

ҽԺҽרҵ͵ƫͣҽԺҽԼȷʵ
⣬ʵԭ֮ʹҽԱԼΡ

ҽƱϵȱΪѿ𲡶ҽԺ
ʵҽƻĸߴȫɣڷɳеҽƷõ˿Ҳ
ֻռ˿ںСؼ˼иҽƱϡ

ҽƼ۸ϵıײѰҪǿǣҩ
ҽķʽɾ޴Դ˷ѣӰ컼߶ҽκءҽ
ԱҲƵܺߣԴͬʹйҩƷϵ
ҽҩҵȫ˾ĲĹߣȫȻ
ڽ塣ҩţëһҩ೧޹ģЧӦ֤Ч
ΪԾòа档йٷǿͨ
ڣһЩǮɶǣĳЩԱȻҽԺĲ
ȫ̥һɵģǶҽƷǵҲܶࡣ
ҽ֧ռGDPҽԺշѣǺҽƷ
ĲɱԣҲձ飻Ҳ˾ùҽ
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ʵ˵ĸйкܴ޵ģִҽѧĽܴһ
ֶεĸĽǹҼԶԶòӶࡣ

ڶרҵֹصĴͳҲҽìܡҽƻӦ
ҽṩרҵѡ񣬻߸Լֵۺȡᡣʵ
ಡԽ磬һ֪Ԥҽרҵж-----򡰾òҽ
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ҸϢµӡԶǿۣЩҲǶҽ¡ҽ
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Ҳһ¡ľ顣ĳЩȱרҵˮ׼ְҵýһƲ
ԻȡΪĿ꣬ิӵ򵥻ûܿ͹ۡ
⣬ìܣˮ¼һܺõӡ	

ﻹһµΪʲôѾмλǹҽѶԹҽ
ۺܲáҾóΪԭǴӹѻϵõฺ
Ϣ⣬пأųܰ˼۵ѣ
ҽģ³10ˣǶԹҽϵͳʶǽ
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ͳеε࣬ԽԽᵽҽƻɲһҽ
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۵˽йҽ֢ᣬΪ˾ౡ֮׻˵ƨɾ
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joxn
http://joxn.blog.sohu.com/63498937.html

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һ񽡿顣

ܿǻΪһܽʶ鼮㿴
ߵʱ򣬾ͻı֮ǰĿΪٶʿķθҴ
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Ϊҹ⣬˽⵽һʳж¼ڽ˹տ
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˼һͷƭˣεԭͲ˵ˡĹ
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ĽĽܵ𺦵ʱȥЩӪƷҲ޼
µģҪҩˡ

ǰ˵ҽ۵ĲѧԣҩΣԣܶЩ˵
ĸϽܲˣϾƽʱҽĻĲ
ǧ괫еľѧȵȣΪʲôҽòͬأѵ
ĲǵĲ?ǼǧǰĹ˸幹
죬νȥô⼸ǧ֮ڽ
˻ѧڽ˻ͬһ׿ѧϵѧ΢ѧ
ȵȶһͳһı׼Ϊʲôѧҽѧһϵϣǵҽ
ܹһأЩҽ˵ҽı׼
ҽǿеҽҲ˵ġִҽѧΪȫ
ͬϵһѧʶ仰֪ʲô뷨ǲǡ
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ֺȫȻҩ޶áȻɢ޷
ӭѾٹ̵˼άȱٵһ
ͳҽѧԼִҽѧвܶҶ߹ģ
Ҳ˵ĴͳҽѧĽ׶ΣŴﵽ˽
˷ҽˮƽǶ֪һҩƳɹԼУҪ
׶Σ׶1020֪꣬ǵ洫طҪ
أˣ洫ģѾüǧˣȻϾͶʹá
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ܸ˵ֿѧľȻܹпѧĴڡ

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̫˵ϵˣѧƽĽ̻ǳѡϣЩҽ
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һ˵ڴҵԱĶߣǺ֪Щµԭģ
ΪݱֽⱾ־ԼԭΪⱨˮƽߡʹ
ڴҵԱҲᾭԵע⵽г򡰼ơ⣬ֻǷ
Щ²Ӧóˮ׼ıʱŶ衣

Щ±ýתʱýǷй걨Э
飬Ƿ֧꣬Ҳɡ

һΪ֮Э飬֧ꡣԭߵȨ
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ϵġʱĴͳҽѧ۰ѳصѧȡ˾
ҽѧѧѿͨƪ۶ǿնıںʽԣֱóҩ
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Ҫ̸ϸڣûϸԺ󻹻ִԲġ˭þͲи
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һЩڳŵ֮գ󡶷ƽ֮ա
վڿѧһ֮յȴɷëǡǰֻ֪1983
֪ʶġ̽һ飬ǷƷԭ
Charles J.Cazesu Stuart D.Scott۵Ķӵĵһ
ͬݿɲοȤͬѧɱͼݻѰķ٣
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һĽβ˵ѧ߼αѧĹߡڿѧ棬
ѧԱӦжϹȥʲࡣԱ飬ⶨ͸ƣ
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˹̹ڡе硷˵

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һƬдƹйʷ 


2007-09-11й걨

    ƹйĹ򣬵ȴĹ⡣ƹй
ʷȻȱʵŵоͿ֤ѧշתá
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10ƹġƹ˶йµĵһӡ

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Ѿʮռ龰£

    1902122д

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бӵĳߴΪޣ˶վˡ˶ＫΪռ
Ӧûڲ³ߵۡ

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˴Ųϵġʲѱ̤Ь
ıȷɿ֤ƹ1901Ѿй

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ߣ̨
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