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07.09.17, ӡαѧҪҭʳ
07.09.17, ʾڡ¸աҿ뽻䲻100Է򡷣ۣ
07.09.17, ɽһǡƭӡԱ֡ﷸ
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2007.8.28

2007.9.12

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Ӱƪ˲Ƽ˱༭ӳȡ
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š1998Ժҽļ˵ҽƱջҪררá
ҾҵѡôӻȡΪʲôЭҽԺԸ
߼ƸMBAأƸMBAԱķǱĳɱҽԺ
ζŸ߶Ļɱй״ǼȵĹƵ¾޴ľԴ
ѣɱԶԶڱɱйҪMBA
ġ١Զƹҽ籣Ҫйڼƻʱ
鷳ѵǮñ˹ţжôļٶҽӳ
ȱʵļƣն٣ö٣ҽĹǴӸȱ
ɱ߷Ķй״ҽĹԱֶڶඨҽ
λڶҽҩе̡߱˵׷ܶסֱ
ҽ©ƵƽҽϵϿա

ǻصյĻ֧Խʱ߼ЧӦԽԣ
ᱣϾԽҪյļֵ¼ļӶӣͶ¼
ԼԣCatastrophic, Disastrous¼Ϊʼģչôˣ
ôԵ¼ϡҽƱ˵Ͷ¼סԺƣȻ
չＰǰᵽĵ·գͶ˿Ҫ󳬳ƽ
ķΧķ񣬵⳥ӡԵ·յֶΣתƲ
ַջصͶϣԴҽƱղ⳥ȫҽƷã
֧һͶѡҽƷĳ嶯Ϊ˲ɥ
ʧһչܣҽƱջƶһޣ޾Ͷ
ʧޣͶ˱ʧԡ¼Ը˵ĳ
һΧڡͶ˿ڶʽѡ񰺹Ļ߹ֵʹ
ĳַҽƱպܶʱҲƶԵ⸶ޣչ˾Ϊ
޻ϿͶ˵󡣱ҵƱ
ޣҽƱ⸶ޣҽƱͶʧޡ

йҽȻԱյĻò̫ӣ˻ҽ֮
вҽҽҽޣԺļ趨Ϊ
ƽʵ4ݣйƽ19000Ԫôйҽ
Լ76000Ԫ֧֮κηáҲܻҽߵӰ죬
ҽƱȻ⸶ޣеĲҽ150000Ԫ⸶
ޡݵְ򡰲䲹ҽƱաȫԼ
ıա

⸶޵òûеģΪҽƻص㣬⳥Ŀ
ԲСйҽΪλģҲ˵ĳЩطҽտ
󣬶Լ⳥ܻȱϣͬʱ⳥ҽ
ƲĿܡٱգͨٱںϸķտ⣬ȫ
Ƿֵķտ⡣ʲôٱأ򵥵˵һչ˾
10000Ͷÿ˱1000Ԫ⸶10000Ԫ900μ100000ԪĿ
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˾Ͷμչ˾Ϳտ⣬˵10չ˾
ͶǴμ˾ķտ10μ˾Ŀ⸶Χ100
Χ䶯10Σչ˾ķմμչ˾Ҳ
Ǯ׬ٱձɳͶûоùģЧӦмҽ
֯ҽߣǲϷչɵġ£ʹв
ҽҲǷȱЧķӦܵĸ

йҽڸϵͳԲʱЦԷǵҵ
ߡеҽ涨ƼԱλ30Ԫÿÿ죬
45Ԫÿÿ죬75Ԫÿÿ죬ʡ90Ԫÿÿ졣
ȽϺõҵʼпܲڸ߼Ա߼Աͬ
ķãǵǮҪֵǮЩȷҵӦͬһҽĹ
ϵУжղƷģͲЩ۸ߵģ
ͺЩԸΪԱõҽƷ޿ɺǵ
飬ǵҪһڹ˲ˣͨȨߣ
صĵˡ

ǻӭҽйĵܵҽĻֻٲˡ
ԺߣйӦ1999׽ҽϵôǿ԰ȫؼ裬
󣬹Ҫҽˡ1998ȱҽƱϵĴ76.4%
2003½6ٷֵ㣬ԴҵҽƱգҵҽƱմ1.9%
ӵ7.6%ũ80%˿ȱҽƱϣգԣνҽû
䱣뱣ϷΧֻԭȱҽƱϵ˿һ飬
鲢ûҽƷĳ˿ڣԲߣҲû
ҽƱϵ˿ڣũ˿ƶ˿ڣչϵȱݣֻв
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ܳеӦеṦЧ

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һͶ򾭼Ż൱Ͷǽһѹ
ڸʻУʹãԿ˷·գ
ʻʽҽƱսҲչܲΪһ
չ򣬵ֻռг΢ķݶΪйչʻûбҪ
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˳׶Σᱣ߼ЧӦ϶ûиĻռ䣬Ҫĵ
ܷõĳɳԸԴŻ

йҽҪǽȫıջƣյҪ빦ܣʻܴ
̶ϻ߼ЧãǶȵı߼ЧãҪȺȲôҪ
Ⱥиı߼Чãᱣϡڸԣܲٲôԣĵ
ʻڱ֧֣УϺеȵȣҲ˵ڸ
ʻǰͶܵȫѷ񣬵·վһǶ
˵ʻѲָ˵ҽƷΧڽоֲŻ
ʱ򣬾ܵƣ˵ܻʳƷͶǽһοп
ƻʱܵƶֻѡһƻǵ͵Ĳ
Դáʻ߿Է˵ʻʹƽʱʽԱ
֤ģҪʱã˻Զгڹ棨ţᵽ
ءؼ˿Գڽֹ滮Żһʼûи
ʻıҪˣͽĸñ˿ѵǮǲô
һػص·գ

ӦҶҽģʽķִҽƱջṦܣҽƷ
ΪٽҽɱȷľϢԳƶҽ
ΣһܼпܱеҽϵҽϵĹģʽ
ûжԹԱļơԱĸͶˣǵ븣
ԴǵҲԴǿ˵άйԱ
ڻʵҽЧʣȹȱʵĻƲ飬μʹ
ƣҲȱһҽƻеϢԳ
ʱѾ˷ʣʵһҲˣϸˡʵʹ
Уûв鵽κһҽĿ֧״Աɣ⸶
ɣԱȣԱʵЧ漰״ҵɹ
ⷽϵ빱ףָл

Աʽʲôйеҽûε
ԣôܸɵҽԱγΪĹ
Աôܸɵɣʵ֯ʽᵼҽĿ֯
ϵͣҽƱյרҵޣ֪ʶ뼼޴ӻۡ

йҽԺȱЧҽԺӴСȼأڼּ¢״
̬¢ϵɱǾ޴ģ󵽲ҽѪƴйҽȰ
ͣߵĿֽ֣˽һ¢ϣѳпܷչҵ
Ⱥ壬໥֮䲢ûоҽĿûճѰչ
ߵѹ൱ȱյĸҵܵòߣԶ
ԭʼĵͼģʽǻ

йҽƱվܷչһЩִҽƱյص㣬ԭеҽƸ
ϵнϴߣȻȱִҽƱյڶҪ빦ܣһЩϵȱݣ
ʹһϵʵ൱ܴﵽǶִҽƱյ
ЩϵȱݣԭԵߡͶ˼ݶйе
ҽΣӻ⣬ڿʱԼܳʱڶָˡ

ҽƱյսԷչ϶ԣйȻβ̫ģû
дҪյ֣ҲûдҽƷĳ߱˿ʼǶ
о˵ҽƱϽһϣԤΪ
ֵܳҵյĴҽƱϵⱾҲһ
ΣΣչص֮һ

(XYS20070917)

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ж᲻ᵯֻδʱ

ߣ

й½ѧһֱûʲô·Կѧȶؽ
Щסˡ°꣬УԺʸĸҪ
뿪չˡڽΪ4ڶΪһԴѧڡ
ԱµְҪʼˡ

һЩѽ̸ҶԶĵľǹٱλ߼ĽڡоԱ
λѧУооεȡԼãйѧԺ
ѧίԱǻѧίԱأݵ
ΡйԺǱѧΪ߹پֲйѧԺô
΢һ㣬ҲݱΪֲΪʲôأΪȨ
ƶȡ

ζ˵ȷƶƶȣƶһҪҪ涨
ݡ磬ļ˵ǣһоԱλΪԺԺʿشӰѧ
ɾ͵ѧоԱʲôǡشӰѧɾ͵ѧо
Աôйزûй涨ȻԺʿԸ
ȫƼȫѧƹʾȫУһ̡ѧһ
оԱҲӦþƹ̡ͻȨֶᡣ

һǣƶȹ涨һҪƽйѧԺЩѧ涨
оԱӦǽܳߡͲһƽΪܳ
׼׼ͰЩܳꡱѧųˡ
ʵϽܳʵʩ12ꡣʼ׶ڳڵ˲Żۣɮ٣
׼ڿƵϡ1977꣬19781979꣬ѧ1947-1951
ѧߣνսΪĻѧĻᣬ
ͬʱѧͬѧȣɾͲײ1995꿪ʼʵʩ
ܳʱȴʧȥ˻ᣬʧȥһΡڵ
涨ʹʧȥԶĻᡣѾˣ

һҪѧ׼ҪѧĳЩλ׼ı׼У
ЭίԱʵ߼涨
ЭίԱʸôΪְƵı׼أЩѧ߿
ܲǿ˵ǵѧˮƽһߣر
Ļûʱо̸ѧˡЭί
Աʵ߽ڼһֹٱλбǲġֲ
Ӵ˻Ὺһ֪ʶӲоӪٳĴͳйĿѧĻչ
û˻

ж᲻ᵯֻδʱְƸĸܺãûйƽ
͹ĿֶΣͻشйѧоĻо
֪ʶӵĻԡһУʶһɱġ
Ĳǡλ֪ʶӵɢˣͻᵼйѧĻоĴˣ
ѧͣͲǰʱľˡ

Ϊˣ²һϸڹ涨ලλ

(XYS20070917)

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ҽƨ

lw56102

쿴͵ĸۣųԼԲκܹ͸ڲ
Ҫκνѧ֪ʶ͸αѧۣ80
ϣѾϵֵĳ̶ˣ˶ԸһЩûĻˮƽϰ
Լܶ⣬ûжгˡǼֻۣҪ
ҽ˵ҽûϼĿںţӼԡҽ
ߵҲᱻҽԺǵսӵӽԺǾֵˣ
˭Ұ

ҽĵλѾһΣյıԵǺܶҽʿ
ʶ֮ʿʹҽҵԱĹʶԽΣյʱԽӦý
ԺáǿĲҽھǸĳƺţ
ʲô˶ѧҽʲô˶ԡҽʲô˶˲
ҽǰǱҽҪͷţ˲ǲѡҽ
ܲˡֻҪҽҽҲܶҽҽҲܿѧҲ
ѧʲôҽѧ𣿻˵ѧ𣿲ǣڽ̣

ֻҪڽ̵ӰӣԭȵǵѧҲﲻˣΪֻ
ûûǴûߣƨҲյȫա˵
ΰ֢ûκùҲΪκã˵ΰֻ̲ûһƲҪд
ʲˡ㣬⻶ӭɵġƭģä
ġҽԺǳƨĺﲻ԰ΡһԼڲ
ģִҽѧģѧڵģѧԺԺʿģ̱ú١
ࡢץšĭ򼱡ѸأĿѡҧгݡ
䷢ģҪԵ˲úҪߵЩԭ
ȱҽԼģҲǴѧģư̲֢ıһ
ԴԴġʱ̫ƨ̫ãԼҲֲЩ
ЩǼٵˡ 
 
(XYS20070917)

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ʶһ

ѵ⣨ҹĹƶ
  
192006111աȡҽǩСûгֳ
ԸӦֻв200ˡҽйĹ⣬ȡҽ
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A٢ Bۢ C٢ڢ Dڢۢ

˼ ѧ˼µѧ ֲᡷ
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Ҳ̸

ߣ

˿Ȼ˼졣дһʱˣд꣬
ǳ䷹ˡ

״ٵĳʹ࣬ǲҪѧģһ
ͼ߽飬ѧͻЦ

ѧݾ(rivalһʹʱһܷʹ)
(excludableܷЧֹʹ)ĸߵͰѾƷֳࣺ
Ʒ;ԵԡܹİȫʱӰ
졢Ҳ޷ֹܹȫ
Դ߾Եԡʹʱ˾ͲãЧܾ
ʹãһЩʩ
Ȼ¢ϣ;ԸԡʹʱӰʹãЧܾ
ʹãշѹ·
˽Ʒ߾Ըԡʹʱ˲ãҲЧܾʹ
ã󲿷־Ʒ˽Ʒһ˽ƷעⲻҪƷļ
Ȩԡ

ѧΪԲֱӲ뽻׵ľ˵ӰΪⲿЧӦ
ԾвӰ죬ΪⲿЧӦ֮ΪⲿЧӦԾ
ⲿЧӦľΪͨȨȨ綨ⲿЧӦڲ
磬ͨгȨһⲿЧӦڲ

ά˽˲Ȩƶȵķ̫ߣҪͨȨֱӸԤ
ⲿ⡣Ȩķʽйƺ˰һԣ˰Ǳȹ
ЧֶΡⲿЧӦ˰ӹ(Pigo)˰˰ͬ
˰;Чʣ߾ЧʣɱĽǶ
ʵԴŻáȼ˰һֱӹ˰ʹȼ˰˵

ȼ˰ʵȾŷָⲿЧӦڲ˾ЧʣȾ
ɱԽߣȼ˰ӦԽߡڳβȾĸⲿЧӦڽ
ڳеļվӦոߵȼ˰ͨڼվȡ

ǣͼȼ˰ﵽ·ӵĿ꣬һҩ
ӴҲЧġ

·ڲӵʱе;ԵԣһֹƷӵʱ
и߾ԵԣһֹԴ·ӵǵ͵ġԴ硱
򵥵ؿ·ǲЧؽ͵·ӵġоʹ׶ص
ȫƽ޳ɵ·׶ؽͨȻӵ·ӵʱÿ·
˵ĳ·ǿĸⲿԡ·ӵʱ(ֻи߷ʱ
ӵ)ʹȼ˰ΪѧϳЧΪȼ˰Ч
ǽκʱε·ȼ˰ߵ߷ʱβӵ˵ڵ͹ʱ
˹ɱй·ҪǴڲӵһƽʱ˷ѡ

ձӵĽͨ£˹д˽окǿⲿЧ
ӦʱԳ˹Դ൱ڸıӹ˰Чʡ
ܽڽ͹ƱۣʹҲ⡣Ϊ˹
ĳɱƱֻռСһ֣󲿷ֳɱʱķѺͼʹࡣ

ԹĲӦԴͶϡϸִйרóƶȣ
һЧĽרóϵͳĺƣһ⣬
ﲻۡϸĹרóƶȣʹеЧѱߡڳз
ʽ£гзʽھ´ͬЧѱȡеЧ
ѱȵõߣ˽еЧѱҲµõߣз
ʽĳЧõơǷе棿һҲ档Ϊ޹
רóʱ۶ӵʹÿַʽеľ񻯣˽жԹ
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˸ѡУǵ͵ͽ෴߶ӵʱںʱѵĴ
µʿЧѱ½ʹ߶ӵʱʿճһʹͨ
񻯡

רõãͨԴͶ뷽ʽ˹еĹ̶ɱǿ
ȡĲʽ͹Ʊ۲ǹеı߼ʳɱΥ߼ʳɱ
ԭ򣬵ḣʧƱ߼ʳɱۣ߹˾
Ӫԡ߹װˮƽͷ

רõʹù򣬵ȻϸȻȹҵ
ҲʹãǼԵģڴϸ

ܹ㹻͵ĳɱ·ʹշѣ·ҲԱ˽
Ʒ׽ӵ⡣һ˵ĸоǣշվ޴
ɱӽͨƿ¼¶Խ·շѣͬ򡢲ͬʱ
вͬ۸ȴ֮Ч¼¿νΨһĶԺ·շҲΨ
һûнͨӵµĴСͨѶĽʹòͣշѱÿУΪ
·ĹԴṩ˹ǰ

۱˿ġ˫ųƶȡԣ
ƶ˰򶨼ۣķʽԴ磬ѧҲ޳
ȻʱʵʩķͼӰ֮ЧҶʵʩɱ
ɱΪܵ͡ڻߵĳڸʧԶʵʩӵ
Чĳɱ˫ųеҪɱһֶֹζһ
۸ֶδӶḣʧֻи߷ʱӵȫֹһ복
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˫ųƶȳڻ֮ȻڴĽĳձ˽
Ը⻨Ǯ˽ȨȨ˽Ը
ȨòûǡƶƣḣȨ
޷ɵġ

Ϻáİ취ǣԳּʱηּԳּԳƷ
κʱνκʹκγĳΪ߼Ȩμ
Ƶȼν͡ȼӦһڲ޵ȼͨ
ƣķʽǳȡ·ѵȡ

ƶȲʵǰ̸˽ȨĽ󣬵ֻ˵
ϺáķΪֽһ֡ûСۡӶֹ
˴ۡʵ֡һǶϿҲϱ߼ʳɱ
ԭ򣬵ȼƵӵһ֧ŷѡ󣬱߼ʹóɱΪ㡣Ȼ
ṩͬЧڵĵȼƻȼ־¡ڣԲ
ԣЧʡ

õķϰշѷʽʱΡ·ζ˽
ͨշѣӶﵽɱȫ˽˻˶Դƽ飬
ָƶΪǮͨƵĵȵȣΪƽϢ˵飬
ȫԸÿַͬȨ޳ġгõٵģ
Ȩ

۲õȼƶȻӵ·շƶȣ붼Ӧȡ֮
֮񣬱չ͵ķչ˽ҲģΪ
ǵ˽Чߣǽɵ˰գʹ˵ľõơ

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