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Ϊǵɲǣ
רķĿĲΪҹзֹרƷг
ҩƷȷķɷ棬뱾רǷΥûбȻ
ϵṫָǸרʵʩʹûṫںΣ
רеıͪһԣΪʹøûѧ
ʾʹڽϴԲṫ档ʵָ÷ʵܹ
ʹãܹЧרУˮ
ܽİάڱͪԼУΪ࣬ʵʩרҵ
Աͨ˵صļõƷܹ
רйʵԵĹ涨
ϣи߼Ժ(2003)ֵ116о϶ʵº
÷ɷȷģϢߡ

Ժͥ()
00ʮһ¶ʮ

߿Կһֻصԭ㣬ǧõΥѧ
Ľչá

רǷΥ⣬áά״רı׼
ԭҩάB1ԴγãΥĿĲȡΥ
˹ҡƷȨ汣̷

𸴽ԼдĿĵԴγõĿĲŷ
ԼдĿжרǷΥ˭ɵ˵ԼĿľҪΥ
Υһջ

רƷгҩƷȷķɷ棬
뱾רǷΥûбȻϵĴ𸴣ûжԱרǡ
ΥγɵġƷΥǰǲεġ˵
ҩƷгڡҩƷȷķɷ桱⣬Ƿ
ζŶҩƷרýΥˣƷҲ⣬ǲ
רΥ˶ࣿ

ڱרǷ⣬̿ϸǡͪԴ
ǿҩãһ㲻ҩƷСΪԺʹã
ǲϿҲûа취

һ㣬󡰻ϻա¼ЦԡԴ 
϶ġרУˮܽİάڱͪ
УΪ࣬ʵʩרҵԱͨ˵صļ
õƷܹǴģˮܽ
άڱͪУܳΪ࣬ʵʩߣԺ
˱רҵԱרҵԱͨ˵صļñͪҴ
ܼòƷܹ

ԺͥĴ𸴲ŷǲϢߣ

(XYS20080208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ڿѧķ֮ΪԴ


ꣲ£

ڿѧķ֮ΪԴɿѧо
ġ˵ԭ

һκһƪѧĵĽ۱뾭˵ļ飬Ҫһƪ
ѧĵĽ۱Ӽõݿʼ

ڶͬһݿԴӲͬĽǶҲۺһ
зӶӸĿѧá

⣬һ˰˵ǮģݾͲѼߵ˽
ƲѼһʱ䷶Χڽݹ

ȻһоԱòԼԲɼݵʱӱСģ
ҪŪݾεģݵʲôݵ÷Χʲôע
ݵԴҪ

ѧǶԼҪһ㣬һѧʷ˵һ
㡣ڵ¹ĿմСǳԣ־Ҫҳ˶Ĺ
һֱûпɿݡʱõڵTycho Brahe
λBraheԼЩҲñ˽ӴЩݡô죿
˸⣺Braheɻ𽥻BraheΣӶŪ
BraheݲʲôطBrahe󣬿̽Щ͵
ѧӴ˿ʼµƪ¡һ£ûе
Braheݣǽʶʲôˮƽϣ

(XYS20080208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ûΣ

ߣ

ʵҪ˵ΣκιҶ---ûеĻΪɶĳĳĳĳ
ģԣҪ͹ۡ

˷֣NSFб棬ڲ鲻ˣֻ
ģϾǺһģʹרҵѧר
Ҳ10%90%Ҫɹǿ͹۹ɣǱӡԣ
ӷıʷǶ˴ʷν
ʷ͹۹ɣʵͼˣһϵͳЩ
˼ð

һĽǳɹġС󣬽ʽʽ
Ϊģûй⺣սֽЩ˼ʵģ˼
һͻᣩϾЩ˼Ĵֽܵõõ
ӡԣ㿴ŵƶȽ˾
ġԣһĽǳɹġ

κﶼһΪģĽ൱һֵķ˼ѧһ
ܺʡΪĴѧڣҼƶ꼶ѧ
Ϊ(A+B)/C=A/C+B, cause every letter should appear exactly 
onceж꼶ѧ(2/6)/7ҪñʻֶʱġЩ
Сѧʱʦûѧѵʱʦѧѵ
ʽĽѧҳɹˣԸѵ
ҳԺ˵ľǡhoney, you are the bestСѧ
զŮˣСѧһ꼶ʦѧҵѧ
ҳѧУͶߡ̫ѹˡŮһ֮´ְʦˡ

ǸյĹңֽͺ϶---϶
ȱٸ߼ˣʦ̼Աǣ
ʹòӡйǰ̵ЩȱԣٵĿǰΪ
ֹеĺû

ӽѧϽθѧ㹻ѵֲɱѧĴ---ǳ
ĹؼԶǸ⡣

йǴйΪУ͵ڳɹй
йѧҳĿľǿ߷ϱ廪ǰѸ򵥻
ʵˡҪ˵ΣйΣصöࡣ

(XYS20080208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ĵǶɡƼġ񹫵С

κ@xys

!

˵йᵱ̶ִȣϺŷ
19кڲࡣй˼ִ棬Ҿ˵úܶԣر
ǿŲ1882ġ񹫵С籾֮

еĹ·ŲϲһУԡʹøóгΪ
κʤأҲ˵ؾõ֧˹âΪԡϯҽ
ȴֳеˮȾˣʹԡˡȾѶ˹âҽ
Ϊгĸ˷棬޹ˮϵͳϣ๫
ڸ˺͵طĿǣ˹âҽĽ飬ǧټ
ҽࡣý塢ҵԼųΪʵĶɡҵ
ڸֶҽڱֽϷ࣬ȻڷֺԼ
ʱͳͳҽ

˹âҽò¾սһҪ˵Լ
񼯻˵ǾĸԴȫ˶
ں˵αϡкĲǵˣү
ߡǾԴ˲ǡܴݲ
Ҳǡ ĵˣǽʵĶ
ɡǱˣǹ˼ӵĸĽʵĶ! Ҫ
ȫڶɡѻӵʲô? ӵ
˥һ¾ɵǲأͿɻѻˡ

ҽķԵ˼еˣͶƱΪ񹫵Сʧ
ȥ˹ڵؼ޴Ȼ˹âҽȥĴ
㣬ڱؼսΪ֣
!

**********

仰ҲǶԵģǣ
ĸͽƶģôȴǲġϰ˴ͳ
Ĵﴫͳˣû뵽: ͳǾܾģЩĴ
ͳˣڡʵĶɡ

רƵáȨܵ䣬̫ˡȻ֪
УѾΪƵһ֣׷Ĳǹƽ壬Լ
иȨϣһȨ֣С޹Լʱ
²ؼ߸߹𡱣ǣԼʱ򣬰ѹƽŵһߣ
ԡҶòˡȽڣԼйΪ⡱

ŵˣҲеġ񹫵СŹҫ
ӲʿˣΪҽˡǧָڽ죬
ʿġ񹫵СڹµˣԽԽ˸˵
Ȼֻڻϡķʽ

Ĺ񣬾죬ڴϰնڴһʥ
۳ϡͳǡϯһǿ뼯Ȩ
רԼάйڴԼȨһ
Qʽ˳йһЧڿ¥

ǿһȺӵרƵȥǲأԪѫѷ
һԣһңָ֪еõɣȥδй 
Ҳ첻If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a 
state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be.

һûС񡱵Ĺ۶ôӢľȺūţֻܽ
һǿľ»ϣ쵼µĵ¹˹쵼µë
쵼µйҲ񱱳ʴġҸָܸߣȴһ
ɡҸִҡ

ҿй⣬ǼǧġˡĴͳ±
ʮ׼͹ū۵ĽڡǾĸԴ˶
ں˵αϡʱκεġЧ
΢ǻرܿѧ˼Ľռһ١
ҸִйԶңңڡ

˵³ѸϷйҲһƪ¡
塷ᳫĸ塣ڵйҾúúöһ
ƷȻ洦

ʹߣǵˣһ죬Ҳˡ
Сһ˺ܴ󹦷ġ񹫵С籾
Դأ 

񹫵СWord 汾http://xys.ccert.edu.cn/~huhoo/people.doc
񹫵СPDF汾http://xys.ccert.edu.cn/~huhoo/people.pdf

(XYS20080208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

зµʿٳ

ߣhooklee

״20080203дƪʿ£оݺԭӡ
󲻷컨Щʱ˶һϣְ״ʿܿ˵Ǵ
ٳ˵ÿλÿ仰д߲֮
20080205ĲȻС⣬Ǿ󲿷ִûеõΪ
˱״¼󵼲ϤʿʷĶߣдƪ¡

ϣԺ״дĽʱٵſڿӣϽ
֤̬ȣֻ²֪˵ı۶Ѱԭķ˿Ҳ˴
롣

水20080203ĵ˳гĵطǰģǱ
˵ۺ;ڱ˲ʿʷרңϢ
Ȼߴ©ĵط½Ⲣָ

====бʼ====

˹

ϤŷʷѶ֪House of Habsburgͨ÷ǡ˹
֪Ϊʲô״á˹뷨
google顰˹ֻ11ҳ棨һǰ״˿
£顰˹39,900ҳ档Ҹ˹ʹá˹
뷨10ҳ涼ʹƴ뷨ɵĴ󡣡

1290꣬˹ϻʵȥ

ӢάٿRudolph I of Germany/Rudolf I of Habsburg
֪λϻʵۡ1291715ա

λڵʿݡͰݵԴ񣬾ۼһ𣬡

뱾λ˵ݷֱǣUriSchwyzUnterwalden״
ûUriŪݶ⡣SchwyzȷĹٷ뷨ǡʩάġ
ݹٷվϵһļ
http://www.sz.ch/soziales/PDF/OHG_merkblatt/chinesisch.pdfgoogle
ѡʿݡֻһҳ棬ǰ״˿£뷨
ǰ״˵Unterwaldenһ߶ݻ
ݣֱӳ߶ݣΪUnterwaldenΪ߶ǰݡ
ObwaldenNidwaldenҲаѡ߶ǡΪ߶¡ģ״˵
ݡAargauݡġԴǸ
ûвμ1291Ļˡ1415ʿ˲Ŵӹ˹жȡ
AargauʿݵĹٷķ뷨Բο
http://www.swissinfo.ch/chi/swiss_politics/index.html?siteSect=1600

1291ʿǩһͬ˰Э顱

ǩЭĵطRtliطUriʿ
Schwyz

ڶɳʱ޹ִ֮ΧĴ
Ƿ׷Ҫ˰ˡþЭ˰Ҳ
׼ɽǴǱʿش˹ɽɽ·գ
ɽʵ̫û̫ˮҲɾ
ǮһʱΧũҲڵĸݷ׷׼
˰ˣʹһ˵ݴ13

״Ѹ۵ʿʷ˵̫˰ɣʵϣǸʱڵĵ
սкܸӵαʿ˹սһֱ˺
ã˺ʿ𲽿ʼţΪŷһ֧ǿľ
ֱ1515ʿŵ(Marignano)սб˴ܣ
ſʼֹͣţתΪһ⣬ʿ˴3
ŵ13ݣ൱ʱ䣬ǡһʱ䡱
عȻˡݣ10ݼʿ˵ʱǣ
1332¬(Luzern)1351(Zrich)1352³˹(Glarus)
(Zug)1353겮(Bern)1353-1481֮100˳Աޱ仯
1481긥ﱤ(Fribourg)ͼ(Solothurn)1501(Basel)ɳ
ɭ(Schaffhausen)1513갢߶(Appenzell)ӡݡ˸
62꣬ٴӡ˸ϵյ13ݣ160꣡
ȻݡȷʵǡɭݡǺڵĺܶݶǳݣֳ
ʿ˵һɫмֵʿʷܲμ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history

˿ݼˣʿΪһҵĳξʹ
ɡ

ȣȻ˿Ŀǰʿģʷϲ
ҳʷϣ
http://www.populstat.info/Europe/switzerp.htmֱ֪1941
ų(Bern)Ϊ˿ڵһݡڶʿΪһҳε
γɣļϵ1351Ϊ5ݼʿ
˺Ϊʩά(Schwyz)и(Toggenburg)ض
װͻȻתʿ޵аµ1440걻ˡ
սܣʩάĵ޽˺Լµˣŵٱ
ˣ1450±Ϊ˳Ա

ŷʱһͳʿ13֮á

ʱڵĴģ1798-1803Ƿֺ
Ķĺάڹ͹1803ͨˡָͣƶȣ
6ݣ1812ضԶսʧ1813ʿȨ
1815µԼǩͬάҲɻȷʿĶλ
17981812꣬ʵʿʿʱ15ꡣ

׵ľʿʱȴǡɡƽȡǵ
û⵽ֿܵĻӭ

زûֿܵSwissworld.orgվʿ⽻
ʿίԱ죩ϵĽô
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_18th_century/the_french_occupation/
ռʿ˵ܱߵ1793̵ְ꣬
رռ죻1797꣬غϲ˸ͱǵ߶̩
(Valtellina)䲢ոսCisalpine͹֮(Ϊϲһ
)1798 1£ (Frdric Csar de la Harpe)쵼
򷨹ᷴɸϳݡǷʿǰࡣ
ʱֻвԷЧֿڵһγɹ󣬲
µĸͺ(Grauholz)֮սбܡʧܱ־ž˵Ľ


ʿΪһɴ˶

1815άҲɻȻʽȷʿĹҵλһΪʿ
ΪһִϵĹҿʼ1848ܷͨ

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/general_information/ch_confoederatio_helvetica/
ʿʽ1848ꡣǰʿһ
壬ֻһɢݼˡݼĺ̶ʷʱڶͬ
1848֮ǰݿʿˡʿ1848ܷ涨ʿһ
ң֤ƽ˸ȨĳЩ棬
⽻ϣֻĸȨ˳1848ּܷ
ھƽ֮Ĺϵʹϡ

뷨һЩҲ׷׼ʿ

ʱսʿ˵ֻ3ݣ(Valais)ɳ̩
(Neuchatel)(Geneva)Ƿ˫ݡӢάٿ
Valais˵£Valais is predominantly French- and 
Arpitan-speaking. The eastern part of the canton Upper Valais, however, 
speaks Walliser German. The French-speaking population makes up a 
little bit more than two thirds of the total population.ʱֻ
ݼһ˫ݼʿƲܳΪһЩҲ׷׼
ʿ

ԺƵƶҲڶս֮ʽ«ŵɡ

ʿԺƶʼںάڹ͹ܷӰ죬

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_18th_century/the_helvetic_republic/
ʿڷ֧£Ϊ뻯ĺάڹ͹ⶨܷ
1798걻á֮Ļ֣ƶȺ͹ͬͳαϳ
»֣ʷȫͬһɢᱻԺ棬Աͨ
ѡѡλ쵼
ʿͳΰԺԺƶҲӦϳֱ1848
ʿܷȷƶȣ

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_federal_state/the_constitutio
n_of_1848/
ҪĸԺѡƶȼȷ
ԱɣϯΡ

ݡ

ȷӦǡŵݡμTicinoݵĹٷҳ
http://www.ticino.cnTicinoǸԵڴʣη룬
֡googleѡݡֻҳ棬
֮һǰ״˿¡

ϲݡģ

ӢάٿƵTicinoʷСô
The Canton of Uri conquered the Leventina Valley in 1440. Between 
1403 and 1422 some of these lands were already annexed by forces from 
Uri, but subsequently lost. In a second conquest Uri, Schwyz and 
Nidwalden gained the town of Bellinzona and the Riviera in 1500. Some 
of the land and the town Bellinzona itself were previously annexed by 
Uri in 1419 but lost again in 1422. The third conquest was fought by 
troops from the entire Confederation (at that time constituted by 12 
cantons). In 1512 Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio 
were annexed. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino River, from 
the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of 
Canton Uri. The remaining territory (Baliaggi Ultramontani, 
Ennetbergische Vogteien, the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was 
administered by the Twelve Cantons.
The lands of the canton of Ticino are the last lands to be 
conquered by the Swiss Confederation.
ǳԣTicinoģʿսµ̡

ͱݡ

GraubndenһΪͱݡûСָǡ
googleѡͱݡֻһҳ棬ָ״˿
¡



ӢƴдΪRomansh/Rumantsch/Romansch/Romancheĳ
ʲgoogleѡֻһ
ҳ棬ָ״˿¡

ϲĸͱݾ񽲸

ӢάٿGraubndenĽܣ
The languages spoken in Graubnden are German in the northwest 
(54%), Romansh in the Engadin and around Disentis/Mustr (31%), and 
Standard Italian in the valleys Mesolcina/Misox, Calanca, Val Bregaglia, 
and Poschiavo (15%).
⣬Romanshݣ
As of the 2000 Swiss Census, it is spoken by 35,095[1] residents 
of the canton of Graubnden (Grisons) as the language of "best 
command", and 60,815 in the "best command" plus "most spoken" 
categories[2].
ɼGraubndenݣRomansh֡

ǣΪͱݵľֻ1ˣԡ

ӢάٿϵݣGraubndenݵ˿2006187,920
ǰ״ݵ18

ʿսʱֹһ22ݡý˵ʿ26
ݣǲԵģǰѰһݡ

״˵Ǵġʿٷ˵

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/general_information/the_cantons/
ʿ26ݡеݣݣһݺ˫
ݡ
ӢάڡThe traditional half-cantonsô͵ģ
Six cantons have traditionally been called "half-cantons" (or 
"demicantons"). This term is now depreciated by constitutional scholars, 
as the 1999 constitution lists 26 coequal cantons, and the more 
unwieldy appellation "cantons with half a cantonal vote" is sometimes 
used.
ɴ˿ɼݡϸġȷĽǶȿѾʷˡ

70ݵľֶãһȷ
ǵıΪʿͶƱݶ1975꣬
ݾͳΪʿĵ23ݡ

ش󡣵һݽСݡ(Jura)ʲô
ݡgoogleݡֻ7ҳ棬˰״
⣬ġݡͳͳ(Uri)ı롣ڶݳΪʿ26
ݣǵ23ǰʱ1979꣬1975ꡣ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_20th_century/the_jura_question/

ʿݵݸĵԶģΪݡ
͵ĵС

ݲǡݸĵô򵥵Ļ֡Ȼ
ȷʵˣȴʿ3԰еΨһһӡݵĻֶ
ݸ߶(Obwalden)߶(Nidwalden)Ȼ
Unterwaldenһ1291ݻˣǴһʼ
Զڰ߶(Appenzell Innerrhoden)Ⱒ߶
(Appenzell Ausserrhoden)1597ΪڽԭŷֿģֱΪ̰
ݺ½̰ݣ

ΪǸݣ100˿ڣֱӰ쵽ҵ
ߡ

2001ʿĹͳݣа˿Ϊ186,700
Ϊ261,400ߺϼҲ448,100״һſھ͸˼
doubleˡ˿ڼҲȫֻ(Zurich)
(Bern)(Vaud)(Aargau)ʥ(St.Gallen)֮
ʿĹҾӰ첻ܴ⼸ݣܰоȷʵǿ
󣩣οʿƶǺܽƽȨġ

һս֮ڰµʿһ˿Լ5Сϣǻ
սǰ˶Թҵ֮ģϵľǾһȫ
һͬ˳µҪʿ

ʱҪʿ˵Ĳǡһ˿Լ5С򡱣ڵʱӵ
дԼ13˿ڣѷչ30ˣĸ(Vorarlberg)ݵ
˿ʷݲμhttp://www.populstat.info/Europe/austriap.htm

ҵرۣʿԾܾСǵҪ
ûдӦҪʿ롣Укܶ˶Դ˸еԻ
⡣

ӢάٿVorarlbergʷʱ
In a referendum held in Vorarlberg on 11 May 1919 over 80% of 
those voting supported a proposal that the state should join the Swiss 
Confederation. However, this was prevented by the opposition of the 
Austrian Government, the Allies, Swiss liberals, the Swiss-Italians 
and the Swiss-French.
Կ˰µʾ⣬ʱЭԼҲͬ⣬
ʿɺͷǵķԣ˸ݼʿԸûʵ
֡Ƶڵ¹һλʿڵķɵBsingenҲ1918
һȫ񹫾ʾ96%Bsingenϣõʿʿʼ
աء¹̬ȶһֱϵ춼ûнȤѿԵB
singenҳϿ£Ӣģ
http://www.buesingen.de/englisch/Buesingenonce/nicht.ch.engl.html

˹̹ʷʿˡ (20080203)
ǷʷKonstanzǵʿˣΪSchwabischen
һʿˣʱ1499ꡱ (20080205)

״20080205Ĳ˵Konstanzʷǵĵģ
Ƚͷ󣬲Ժҵᵽ1499䣺Ab 1499, 
in einer Phase kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen zwischen 
schweizerischen Eidgenossen und Schwaebischen Bund, verliert durch die 
endgltige Abspaltung der Eidgenossenschaft Konstanz seine Zentrale 
Stellung und wird vom kulturellen Zentrum am Bodensee nun zur 
Grenzstadt.ҵĵܲãλĴ˼ܿף
1499꿪ʼʿ˺˹֮߱侭һʱڵľ·⵼
KonstanzձָӶʹKonstanzвһ˵ģ
λڲǺĻĵһ߾С֪״ô
￴˹߱ˣKonstanzΪԱ֮һ1499ʿ˹ģΪ
һʵʱĽҲӢάٿKonstanz
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