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               һܹĵԤӱ

                             ӡ

μӡ22ȹ۲족۵ܷ׼ȷԤĽĿ¼ơ
6αҡʿfһߣ򡢹һʦ
һߡ

һ±ർʲôα֪ҲαѧӪ
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Ͳȥˣó

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187ϵĵΪȻ˵ʵֺ޸ݵĵ;
˵

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6𣬷Ҿ˵ӦõҶ۵ƻ̶ȣȻ
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׼Ϊ8ȣ6𼶺Ҷͬĸ

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ȥʵȶ˵֪Ͼ˵֪Եô
֪Ҳڵֻ졣Щƶᱻ

˷˶ĸˡһ߻иרҡԳ
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ⷽĵרҵģҴˣαѧǷǵֵġרҡ
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ڵûһߵˡĹǸɡСڱסڱ
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ǴӢģüηԻᡣмйʴѧѧ
֧ǵġлһʿԤ׼ȷ
ͨ׽΢ӡԤ𣬺ܸЦ

(XYS20100428)

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йѧδܽ

ߣYojana Sharma
룺
Ӣѧš2010425գ121

йѧδܴԣܽһǰĵطһ֪ͨ
ҪǸʹĵ⡣

ĸ˵ĶʿĽ¶עĿİŵع⡣
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һָ漰ойѧ³Ѹģ1985
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еһýйѧԺһоԱԾĻƣ
ΪǳϮڡò

Ǽ⣬ǲµ⣬˵

йѧԺߡϷб԰

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Щѧ˵׼ᡰѧɡñ˵

һѧȱеʽϸ̡ͬ

ڼǰһͻĿ粨֮󣬽ѧƺûθ
ѧԲȡж

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ʧȥһܹʽоԱ

رעйڿѧĹӢҽѧ־Ҷ
йĿ٣Լѧ֮󣬲Ÿѧ˵һݹ
ڴѧ֪ͨаҪȡжͿߡ

ȥ3·ݷ֪ͨҪѧΪʦѧࡰǶѧ淶
ʶ

ЩʩΪ˽Ԥѧ籣֡ɾ
÷ʱ˵

ǰƼ˿гŽ칫ңǷ˵ð칫û
еһЩ²ִ̫ܱС

http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100424180813702

CHINA: Universities fail to tackle plagiarism
Yojana Sharma 
25 April 2010 
Issue: 121 



China's universities are failing to crack down on plagiarism despite 
an unprecedented education ministry circular sent to them a year ago 
making them responsible for investigating and dealing with rampant 
cheating.

A number of high-profile cases have only come to light thanks to 
outspoken campaigners such as Fang Shimin* with his popular literary 
New Threads website written under his pseudonym Fang Zhouzi and used 
to highlight academic fraud. 

Rather than being rooted out by the universities themselves, 
individuals report cases of plagiarism to online forums or the New 
Threads blog, which are then rigorously followed up and checked by Fang, 
a US-educated biochemist. 

But of more than 900 cases of academic corruption highlighted by Fang 
in recent years, just 20 have resulted in punishment by universities. 
Most involve students rather than academics, Fang said. 

The majority of plagiarism and fraud cases recently exposed have been 
in the sciences. But readers of a Chinese cultural magazine Granite 
Studio have been avidly following a major literary plagiarism case 
where Nanjing University literature professor Wang Binbin accused 
Professor Wang Hui at the prestigious Qinghua University in Beijing of 
stealing from other works without citation. 

Academics say that what is interesting about this case is that the 
spat was brought into the open by Wang Binbin himself, rather than 
being by bloggers and other whistleblowers on the internet. 

According to the Nandu Times, a daily newspaper which broke the story, 
actual instances of criticising someone by name are rarely seen.

The accusation relate to Wang Hui's dissertation on the classic 
Chinese literary giant Lu Xun, published while he was a doctoral 
student at Nanjing University in 1985 and later published as a book. 
This indicates that the decades-old dispute is being allowed into the 
open by the authorities to test how far to allow plagiarism 
accusations to be aired without jeopardising a university's reputation. 

The Wang Binbin vs Wang Hui dispute is seen as a test case, in part 
because it does not relate to high-profile scientific research that 
has the potential to undermine China's international standing.

Even so, in an indication of the sensitive nature of plagiarism 
accusations against academics, Nandu Times reporters found that some 
posts on the dispute in internet forums had been deleted and replaced 
with a message that was clearly intended to mislead: "Academic circles 
have already clarified this issue," unofficial translations from the 
newspaper widely circulating on the internet state. 

Another unusual aspect of the Wang vs Wang case is that other 
academics have openly weighed in to side with one or other of the two 
academics involved.

Zhao Zhinghua, a professor at a state-run think-tank, the Chinese 
Academy of Social Sciences, was quoted as claiming that Wang Binbin's 
examples of supposed plagiarism were "quotations with non-standard 
citations". 

"That is a problem of technique, not a moral question of plagiarism," 
Zhao said.

The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences recently told the Nandu Times 
that it "often encounters cases of plagiarism".

The academic plagiarism problem was attributed to the lack of 
consensus in China over 'academic standards', or what constituted 
plagiarism. Some academics even argued that adopting Western standards 
would "limit academic freedom", the newspaper said.

Another problem is that academics lack the formal and rigorous peer 
review process in place in Western institutions, the Times said. 

After a spate of sackings a few years ago, there appeared to be little 
stomach for action against academic plagiarism by university 
authorities in recent years. 

But in March this year, Li Liansheng from Xi'an Jiaotong University 
was sacked after six of his colleagues repeatedly posted letters to 
the university and on the internet highlighting that the area in which 
Li had published was not within his area of expertise of energy studies. 

Using their real names, the six professors exposed some 30 examples of 
Li plagiarising the works of others. At first they were rebuked by the 
university and it was more than two years after their first complaint 
that Li was finally sacked. 

Universities rarely enforce the rules, according to academics in China. 
Fang said the country has never taken plagiarism seriously. Even when 
academics were implicated, many institutions turned a blind eye, 
rather than lose a high-profile researcher who could bring in 
international funding. 

Concerned about China's international reputation in science in 
particular, it was only after complaints by the British-based medical 
journal The Lancet about faked scientific results and complaints by 
other Western academics, that the education ministry issued its first 
circular to universities to deal with academic plagiarism, including 
taking legal action and sacking perpetrators. 

The circular issued in March last year ordered universities to set up 
workshops for faculty and students to "improve their awareness of 
academic discipline".

"These measures are intended to build up a long-term prevention 
mechanism to keep the academic field 'clean'," said Xu Mei, a ministry 
spokeswoman, said at the time.

Three years ago, the Ministry for Science and Technology established 
an Office of Scientific Research Integrity yet not a single case has 
been investigated, according to Fang. He believes the rules drawn up 
by the ministries are unlikely to be enforced. 

* The 'China Scientific and Academic Integrity Watch blog closely 
follows the work of Fang.

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ѧ˼ܷ֤ѧ

ϰ ż
2010-04-28ձ

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ϴѧҫαдİ

ߣligang

˿кܶںϴѧҫϵϢֱдƪ
 IEEE 㿯ϡ

ƪ¶ʵ֤Ƿǳɺϣƪµʵ
paper1 Fig.8   paper2  Fig.9ȫһ ΢е㳣ʶ˾֪
ͬһʵδؿԵõȫһͼοֲ
ͬĿȻʵȫһ

òҫٵ

ƪ£
Paper1:  SVM-Based Approximate Model Control for Electronic Throttle Valve  
This paper appears in:  Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on 
Issue Date :  Sept. 2008 
Volume :  57 ,  Issue:5 
On page(s): 2747 - 2756 
ISSN :  0018-9545 

Paper 2: 

Neural Network based Self-learning Control Strategy for Electronic Throttle Valve
 This paper appears in:  Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on 
Date Of Publication :  2010-03-04 
Volume :  PP ,  Issue:99 
On page(s): 1 - 1 
ISSN :  0018-9545 

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ᵽ˱ˣΪ֮һΪбҪ֪һ
˵ϣܾҵż˿Ϲ
һЩϲ˴ν١ȴѧȫ
㣵Ĺ

ꡰ򡱵֣𾪣Ϊ˾ȻĻϲ֯
ȥһλ𾴵ʦзŭΪо֮
ɱӣΪĴ˷Ϊɡȴʵ޻̸֮һӣ
ʵնҹƷο֪

ȣҲ֪˾ⷬɡӺζ׼Ϊ97BZW016Ĺ
һĿԪʫ˼šȷΪҵʦ1997롣Ŀ
ܹҵʦǰһȡõĳɾصġŷ
ԪʫоԸ塷úΪڣ
һ뵽һĿԺҵʦҲڡʷϷһϵ
£̽˼ŵ⡣ϤʷоʿӦ
ʷⱾصľǽ϶˷ѧ̬ȡܹڸÿϷϵ
£ѧ˷öԣ

Ŀ֮ҵʦһĹ룬ϣоҲܹ
뵽һĿĹУÿ˸һֵݣδҵʦ
оҪԪݡҺͬƳͬѧǲʿ
ѡĿһĿɲ֡ҵΪɽżԪĩ
ʫоƳ͵ǡԪʫȺо˶߶Ԫ
ԵĴȺ¼ʫ˼ŽܵĹͬʱĿ
νǾѧǰհԵģѡΪѧλĵĿָߵѧ۹⡣
ˣͲʲôҪԼĲʿ⣬Ȼռɹ
оԼʦо⣬κȻ顣
һѧܹøΪֱЧָͬʱҲܹؽѧ
ԣ˾ָġҪ󡱡ռȵȣȫ֪ν

ĿһЩҲǴ˾ơҵʦϵ
ְеʮַصĹ2000֮󣬸Ƿ
ҵʦϾˡһҵʦĿ
ڵҪ󡣲йزȴδߴǣҵʦЩĿ
߹ͬ飬ҵƪʿıȽ룬ԴĿɹһ֣
سɹҪôϲɣҪô̫룬ԣѡȡ
ƪɽżԪĩʫоȥμӽǰĽǣܹλ
ίԱλţһλίԱΪĿԭĿ
ȣСоΧԭĿĿȻҵʦŶ
Ŀ̬ȣѡ˳˺ʲô걨֮١һĿ
ĳʲôŲѧʿĳԱҵʦ
ΪͬʱҵıĿеоɹԳɹ֮һ˽н
飬Ų֮˵֮˵ҿ˷
֮٣ЩɵΪȻΪѧϵ̬Ҫ
⻹ֵһǣȻĿˣɸĿĲڵʦָ²
޶صоɹ½ĿǰƳͬѧġԪ
ʫȺоһ20074ɺϳ棬׾żʫ
о̽һҲڽɹ㶫ߵȽ棬Щ˵
Ŷڴ¸Ŀʱֵ̬ȡеĿ

֮νɡѨ磬ЩʲôҪԼĲʿ⣬
ȻռɹŲѧʿĳԱҲȻӴ⣬
̰ҾͲ֪˾Ҫͨдһƪ֣͡
˿ԽҷЩʲôܹҷЩʲôܹҷģҲ
ֻνеһЩ飬Լͬһն
Ͱ

ѧӦһأÿ˶еҲ
ǡ˿һԡǺϣ
һ籩һЩɸ˵ͼоʵǲԭµġ
Ҳ֪ҵʦǷ񿴵ƪȻһЦ֮
ǣȻΪѧȴ޷һЦ֮ΪѧҲ˻
ĶҵʦһЩʵǹں²졣
˽Ҹм˵ıҪԾдš
ʿͨϵvovozy@hotmail.com֮

ߵ


Ө
2010-4-28

(XYS20100428)

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ĿԱôˣ



ã

йҽѧѧԺҽѧоһĹԱոս
򲻾ã˵ǵλҲбȽϻԻ͵ĹȥģԺʿҲ﹤
ǵԱȹȥһĿƷ£ٿǵλ
һǸойĿг⡣

Ϊÿ궼ҵλ300ҵĹԺоѣ
ͬһطĿлЩǮǵλṤԱо
ⵥλΪоѣ˾10򣬰˵
־֧ǺֵܲΥе£ȡ
ʽΪ˴Ŀģм°ѴӡΪĲ
ʮʵδʵзƱģԼƷ˾Ʊ
ԼƷģеķƱţô⳵Ʊģ
רѯѵԼרҡõģ
ʽ˱ģǽҿоתΪԼ棬λʹ
֪ȴĨΪɲ֮ʹʲôģ¼
ЩĿԱģνе£
˰˵ĸûУеֻǲþѰײãʱһƪˮƽ
SCI£ǵλҪܵͣһʮĿֻҪSCIһ
ƪӰӣ˭ĴأǿƻǸ
еλҲմּȥǵĿлܺ


һ㯵еĵй
2010.4.27

(XYS20100428)

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շܿҽƷ

ߣ̷

ȻÿҽƷļ۸񣬿ƲҽƵܷãȻȻؽ
ĿͶˡշѡշѲ£Ǵֲ̨ģ
ĳЩҽƻа̨ҵ˾ĵطʹ㣬
ȫƹ˼ҽķеνٴ·ǹģƹ
ǰաνշѣһҽƻʲôֶΣҽ
ֻͬһ۸ķáʵշѲй˵ķ
շ20ǰļôʵй֪ôڻûշѰ취
ֻһĵշǷпɳԡ

λΪڽ֮ǰλաνλ
Ŵӹǻ֮⡣ǰйУŴӹǲ
ӹȴӹϵ쳣ʲ빬ͬһ
ѳѪļʸˣ̿һɲáλʡ

ͨ30оλķ֡һ̥
߷ܲλ໼߷ѪļʺܵͣҪ
ٴ۲Уڹ۲У˳Ѫ߷໼
Ҫģ3%һܵ͵ıҲҽָ֤ղ
ʸߴ40%ģĿǰһܺõİ취100%׼ȷԤ
Щ⡰ʧܵ3%໼ߴԼռλﻼߵ1/3໼
ҽԺסԺڼ䣬˱ҪϷúʹλ⣬ûκƴʩˣ
ҽƷ1800ԪңԱշѱ׼Ϊͬڶ໼߱ǰ
ҪΣһЩǿͨҩƣʹüװʸҶϸĺ
лﵽɱλ̥áⲿֻߴԼռ1/3ڴƷ
ȣ˲200ԪҩѺ͸ΡܻѺķãܷ2000
Ԫҡڴҩƶڱơ

1/3ĻڳѪ߲ѪʺܴĻߣʹ
ñơ֣һǴͳôԼ4000-5000Ԫ
ңʹøǻƵĻߵĺôסԺʱ̡
СѪ١ָ졢ϰ硢ް̺۵ŵ㡣ȱǷøߡ
ȫ۾ֵı׼ǻù㣺ȫñӲĤ
󣬴ӼԪһǧԪȣǻ1000Ԫʹã׳ơ
ѡɺܺϸҽڸǻȾļʱʸ
ͺܶ࣬ԲʹÿأⲿַһȥסԺʱ
ԼķãøǻƵķãȴͳԸߣԼÿ߲
1000Ԫ10ǰҽд£ʱλķã
ˣʵǡǡ෴

Ϊ˱ϻҽƣйزڸλշƶ׼ʱ
ֵƷöúܵ͡ҽԺĿǰ4200Ԫ۸ʵϵ
ɱ۸ÿҽÿλʵʩ伲Ʒô
ҽԺ޷ġΪշѴڱ׼ʱǲա׼
֧ġ籣ʱҽֶǰʵȡֻʹʱ
ŰյָѡȫշѣҽԺӦ׬ǮġǸǮ
ֻ֪߱׼Ҫ󣬶Ǿִ

1/3ҪĲˣҽԺʵǮġҲ˵ĲԽأ
ǻڴѪҪȻѪĻߣԽ࣬ԿҾ͵ð
ƽǮʲôطҪ㣺һڴƷĻУ3%Ļ
ջʧܣҩƵĲУ17%Ĳ˻ʧܣಡ
ơһһ7000Ԫϣಡúܶࡣ
ڶҽԺ˾йҽԺ޷֤ñ
ȷԣǮľͶˣǧ˶ˣ԰
ơˣҽǾͲòеĲ˲ơеĲ˶
Ƶʱþʹ󳬹˸廯ķáԼ
10%ĻʱΣҪѪҪڽICU໤
ҽǲģಡ˵ķһ㶼Ԫ֮ϡ֢ߵķ
ҽƻ򵥡ҽƻò취ֲⲿֲ˵Ŀա
λвһҪϸ۵ģԶû
֧ĻߣҽԺҲòˡӷѻǰռ3-5%ʵũ֮
ȫӷѵĲ˺٣1%ϡⲿֲ˵ʵҽԱ

ֲⲿֿգ˽л߽⣬кϲ֢Ļ
ߣӵ߳ȥõİ취λﻼߺϲ
ѹ׻ѹѹΧճ໼
߾Ͳǵ֡һΪһǵּͰǵշѣ
ȥˡ

ȻշѽзôҽԺҽԺĸǶġ
ǣ浽֮ĹϵЭҽԺҼĹϵÿҽԺ
ͬеҽԺѡѲְеҽԺȴֻٴң
Ͳìܡ磬ʹӲĤ
߳ӲĤѪףѹȼ񾭣˺֢̱
ļȻߣҽԺóе100%ΡǺܶҽԺ
ӲĤ飬һɸȫ飬һӾ2ý屨ҽ
н죬йҽƵġʵȫҽ
ʱҪȽйصĻ¼ҽα񾭡
ѪкҪ㣬ЩҲЦһڽŵաǾ
ýһºãҽʱҽˡʦȫ飬
Դϲ

ȫһĲ֢֣Ҽ6Сʱڳ֣
1СʱڳߣˣҪص໤໤ҪǮ
ҽֲԺԷѡӼ໤1Сʱ3Сʱ24Сʱȡ໤һ
Ӿͽ̧ܷ˺ܶࡣѵ͵ÿ໤ѱҪߺü
Ҫ˵ǣȻڵַڣ໤ѵȣȴ
շѣǡӡӣôΣղ˵ò֤
Ļͻˣ޷ơ

ǻ˿ںС߸оʹһ¾͹ȥˣ
䶡òŴڵĻУҪʹö䶡ֹʹĻ߲5%
ڵĻߣҪҽʹã۸400Ԫĸߡʵû
бҪ֮ϰߣϰ߳ȻһΣиʦ
Ҳ˸ʹãҸͲҪڲѡȻʹõǮ
ҵȴΪҽ¡ƣܶԻ˵Ҫʹʹá
þȻȻȥˡҽ涨ǲģҲڵ
֮ڣҪԼ

ȻĳһּûκշѻǿԿһ
¼۸񣬱ȿƸĿļ۸Ҫ㣬л취еġð
ÿֶкܶࡰ֮֡ǳӡΪ
ƷòǸʵƶģĳһֳֿյʱô
ǵּĻߵĿͳԴˡ

֮ϺϺҽںܶϸϣûн
֮ͷʹҽͷʹҽšǵ޷һҽĻ
ʱҵٶǴ𣬶ǲ԰ģҲЧġڻߡҡ
˺ҽԱ֮䣬ΨһӮˣҩƷͨˣҽе
ҵͨҵĴҵԱȡߡҺҽԱҡֻ˭˭
øңû˭˭ӮøࡣһҽʧˣҽĻȡʤ
δؼá

(XYS20100428)

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ҽ۹;

ߣϣ

¶ȷ£Ǳģ

1㲻˵ҽڵκǴģһڶҪ
ˡ

2㲻˵κ˵ĶǺõģһ¡͡
ҲУǵ͵ūҪᡰ֣͡Ǻ
ͬʱϡըʳƷк

3㲻ܻκξĶǸĶİ׳ա

4㲻漰κɻҽۣ;Ǻ

5㲻ѧϰҽģͲܷκζҽۣΪ
ѧҽģûҽʸ񡣣ʹҽ۳⣬
ǲκרҵƣκ˶дҽʸ񣬶ԽԽãԽе
Խã

6ѧϰҽģҲܷκζҽۣһ
ѧҽˣʹҽʿҲȻʿΣֻҪ
ҽ100%˵ҽʿҲðƵġ

7һҽǧָҽĳЩȱݣҽ
ݽһܵɣ

8ҽܾ仰Ǹ100%Ŀ׻ĸ
ĸĸڰ˴۶ꡣ

9ҽŵ㣬ǵõҽľ裬ҽ۵
ȱ㣬֪ηС

10˭ҽΪһġ˭ͬ˶ҽɣ
һԼϡ

11ԼǺӣǰ׳վɵӡ

12ؾƽģ˭˵Բľǳ

(XYS20100428)

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ش˹棺ĿݲݡΪԭʹ

ߣ¶

쿴һţԼġżӵ԰裬Ҳ
ûʲôߵҵ·Ϳѧ޹йضԡǣԱ
ҵע⣬׼ĿݲΪԭʹá

ǣվĿݲݡ£

http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohbgt/s10697/201003/46297.htm

ݡл񹲺͹ʳƷȫ͡ԴʳƷ취Ĺ涨
׼DHA͡ѵ;ǡֲ޴ֲ޴ϩ֬
ˡ͵7ƷΪԴʳƷõ廨ذõRose rugosa cv. 
Plena۲ݣɲMesona chinensis Benth.ΪͨʳƷӪ
ĿݲݣPrunella vulgaris L.ҶƲҶMicrocos paniculata 
L.Plumeria rubra L.cv.AcutifoliaΪԭʹá
ӪʳƷӦйطɡ桢׼涨

ش˹档
һ¾ա

еˣڡгҩࡪϼ衷ר
Ŀݲݺͼӵݡھᣬǲ˵
ʲôôһ¡

ϼ֪˶Ǯֵ⹫һ¡

(XYS20100428)

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Gadfly͡й˵Ļҽѧ˵֪

ߣGoodhelper

Gadflyĸģо˼ҵ{ŦԼʱ}ԭĿһߡоGadfly
ԭĵв֮ʱСԸ˴֮ǧ⡣ One 
cause of this was the Chinese language, the most meager and 
tedious of all tongues. The Chinese scholar was indifferent to 
other tongues because he was unable to study them in his own 
ΪһԭġԵ߳׸һ֡ΪԼѧᣬйѧ
޶ԡȻ߲ԭʱǣǿᣬ˲֪ơ
ΪE.P.˹ġʵE.P.˹˵ͬ
ıʹøԵ˵˼άݹȵĲͬͬġʱй
ȻΪԱձʱͷƬ
Ǻձġÿһƪй˵Ķƪҽġ
ӹҽƭӡһ Gadfly, £Ƿű

£
 
  ҽѧѧй ׶ҽѧѧԺһƪµ
ĿڹҽԺE.P.˹׫д󽻸׶ҽ
ġ˹ҽгƣѧйڣǧϰѾ̣
һѧ˵²⣬ţ֪ʶ
 
ԭ֮һйԡбƶһ֡йѧ
޷ԼȥѧϰԣԱֵĮġȻ
ϰԴǵ֪ƫйҽѧϰķͻѧʵֶ̫̫ʵʡ
һҩƷƷ40756ߡһֲ
601715ͼڽйǷɵģй˶һ
ƵĸΪʳͨƢθʺͨ࣬ڸ࣬ѣָ
ͻλGoodhelper עǺ֮Ҳǻ֮ԴΪͷǹǾһ
飬ֱҲһΪ֮ţٶ𣬽ˮӦ
ģΣˮȵȡ
 
й˶ÿһ(There is not a square inch of the 
human body that is nameless to the Chinese Gadfly ԭ©
һ). УΣ߼˵ϡҩ䣬С˶
ż಻뾭ֶζβѧͨһͭС˶ѧϰ
ʵģСͭ˶ϲѨۣϾơҽﾭֳ
ÿľֿϸΪ24֡ˣѧҪ144Ϥҽ
ϵͳ(Goodhelper ҽһϲͨллGadflyǡķ룩⣬С˶
żҲβʲôطֻҪĦС˶żӦλͿ
Ϊ˭ԵҽԱضӹҽƭӡʹˣɻǹ涨
ͬƭǮˣҽͿܵԴϵּѣ
й˿ȴܳ
 
йǴδ˵ġйţκζ֫ƻᱻһ
˽󻹽һȡˣй˻гΪҽǱܵģ
ǾӦ߱侲ɡȥʮҽѧʵйı仯Ǿ޴ġŷ
ҽӿ˺ܴı仯й𽥿ʼʶѧоͿѧҽıҪԡ
ǿʼѧᵽȥҽʼЩйŮҽǿʩչĹ
أΪйŮ򲻵ѵʱǲҽġ߽
йܵӭйʮ̻ҽԺͰʮҽŬһ
Ժйǰδ˵й˵ı֪ʶͿѧҽѧĺܴ
ȽĿ˷
 
УJ. ˾ͽ. ¶һЩңй
¶ййܳһʱ䡣˵йڣǹ
ģṩķչĻһġϵͳΪõӣκһƶ
йкϽ߹ٵĿܡ
 
ABSURD CHINESE NOTIONS
REMARKABLE IGNORANCE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN CHINA
 
Published: April 2, 1890
The New York Times
 
Medical Science in China" was the title of a paper read before 
the Academy of Anthropology yesterday afternoon by Dr. Henry S. Drayton. 
The paper had been prepared by Prof. E. P. Thwing of the Canton 
Hospital, and was sent by him to Dr. Drayton to be read before the 
academy. Dr. Thwing declared that science did not exist in China. The 
usages of centuries had crystallized, and there was an abundance of 
theories, speculations, traditions, and superstitions, but very little 
knowledge.
 
One cause of this was the Chinese language, the most meager and 
tedious of all tongues. The Chinese scholar was indifferent to other 
tongues because he was unable to study them in his own. But still 
greater obstacles than this were the ignorance and prejudice of the 
people. The method of study and the means of information afforded a 
Chinese doctor were difficult to overcome. A single Chinese work on 
materia medica and therapeutics was in 40 volumes, with quotations 
from 756 authors. A work on plants was in 60 volumes, with 1,715 
engravings. As the dissection of the body is forbidden in China, the 
Chinese have the most absurd notions of anatomy and physiology. They 
believe that food passes from the spleen into the stomach, that the 
larynx leads into the heart, that the soul is in the liver, and that 
the pit of the stomach is the seat of breath and the source of joy. 
They regard the skull as one bone, likewise the arm. They regard the 
right kidney as the gate of life, and hold that each organ is related 
to earth, air, fire, metal and water. Fire rules the heart, metals the 
lungs, water the kidneys, and so on.
 
((There is not a square inch of the human body that is nameless to 
the Chinese.)) All application is made on the dual principle of action and 
reaction, and herbs, incantations, idols, and numerous other pagan 
means are used in treatment. The medical students study anatomy from 
the copper model of a man, which is pierced with holes and marked with 
the name of pulses. These pulses are divided into three wrist pulses, 
and each wrist pulse is subdivided into twenty-four others. Therefore 
the Chinese medical student has to study 144 pulses in order to become 
familiar with the Chinese system of medicine. The idol is also brought 
into use, and it is believed that the part in which the patient 
suffers may be cured by rubbing a corresponding part of the idol. 
Anybody may become a doctor, and consequently quacks and impostors are 
abundant. Still the law holds that to prolong a disease is equivalent 
to stealing the money obtained from the patient, while to have a case 
terminate in death may result in the doctor losing his head. In spite 
of all these difficulties the Chinese race constantly increases.
 
Surgery is utterly unknown to the Chinese, as they believe that 
any disfigurement in life will be transmitted to the next world - that 
a one-legged man will become a one-legged angel. And yet the Chinese 
are capable of becoming excellent surgeons, for they have all the 
coolness and deftness. The changes within the last fifty years in the 
practice of medicine in China had been marvelous. The invasion of 
European and American doctors had wrought a great change, and the 
Chinese were at last gradually awaking to the necessity of a 
scientific study and practice of medicine. The people had learned 
where to find relief and were denouncing their priests and quacks. 
China was an unlimited field for women physicians, as a Chinese woman 
would suffer almost anything before she would submit to treatment by a 
male. Vaccination had been recently introduced, ((and was regarded as 
a blessing. There were also)) sixty mission 
hospitals in China with eighty doctors in attendance, and an effort 
was being made to establish an asylum for the insane, something 
hitherto unknown in China. The conservatism of the Chinese was a great 
barrier to advancement in the knowledge and practice of medicine, but 
it was being overcome slowly but surely.
 
In the discussion that followed, J. Stewart Happer, who was born 
in China and had spent much of his life there, gave some interesting 
information about the country and its people. He said that the 
opportunity for individual development was as great in China as in the 
United States. Civil service was in its best form there, and any poor 
Chinese boy might rise to the highest government office.
 
ע˫ţGadfly©ݡ

(XYS20100428)

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йġtimeshare֮üʵ

ߣ´ҹ

ǰʱõϢ˵ڵϺ㽭յÿԸع
εĻ˻ṩᣬعΣ˵ǰΣʵ죩԰ס
Ǽ꣬ÿֻҪ100ػƱģйפ
ȷ£Ȼʱ䣬ҲԾʹ˳ؼ̽ͱȥ˲֪
ʵʽеġtimeshareûСtimeshareô
ʱDDйѧ˻ѧͦģ

ʮסʮ硰ɢ߸ϡʮմϺ
ݡݡϾתһȦƣڱĵط࣬Ǳŵ
ȥѪƴݱȥ˿˱ȥɰȥ
ˮ飬ϾȥʯǵˣǺǡ
ŲǼٶ̼ҵ֡顱쿪ۣܶ
ͶɾɣܺͺġʹЩ̫ʵĴ
ʣͷת򣬻˲˲ٶҲΪйľ
չ˰ɡ˵Ǳġˮойġ
̵ͬû£ۣ268800Ԫһ飬
һλԼݵ̫̫ԣ8000Ԫ˨DDڳϣףʱ
εЦˣ˵һȺΧңȰ˵ô죬ְѼǮô࣬
򲻺˼ˡҶ˵϶ǺõġDDҿĵ
ô

ڱȥ˵·ϣһؿʼǡ䡱йɰ
֪ʶһ仰˵,ɰоǲܽ۵ģΪ
ӪġDDǾ˨DDӪģȻۣ

ǡɰоǹɵɰʦʵǸԱ
ˣǽһ׼ֵ3800Ԫɰʱ˵׺ֻ28ס
DDۣȫֻ28װDDչʾɰɿ˵DD
ɰѾˣٲû˨DDһһ׼ֵһǧǮġ
һףҸףȲģбλҲһרDD
û뵽ҪۨDDӪ˵ʱ٣ʱ죬ԱֱϷƵó
˵ЩèDDǹմʦƷ׹32000Ԫһ3
800ϷҲȥDDʵƯDDϷ򸾾ֱ
ΧȰ򣬲ҰѼǮһٽ˵ˣֻҪ׺ǰ
׺ߡǲˡϷϳDDʵʱ
ˡоְȰȥˣֱֻֽۣҪ20
000ԪDDϷ򸾾20000Ԫ׺3800׾˵ǰͣ
ǰѸǮϷҲѡβˡܿ϶Ƿ
ˡڻس̵ĳϣҲ˺ͻȻDDΪʲô
أȻǵĻˣ3800Ԫĺ˵800Ϳˡ
ǴҾͿʼˡƭϵĸоDDʵ˵ʵĺ
Ưġ֡ҩʽķʽʹ˸е
Ĳϵĸо

ʹ˸еεϵϺġͬáҩꡣһ
ͱӭͷȡ˵ﲻǡһϰտġֻ߼ɲ
DDӺ͡϶ɣǺǡȻÿ
˱ӭѿDDҩݽšҲϲŵζ
ͬλҩ졣̫̫ҩķ˿
ӡ˿ѧйҽõ֪ʶ䡰ա
Ҳû뵽ϴšĶ⵹ãһ١DD
Щϴŵѳʱÿӣװ˼ǧԪġҩDD
ʲôӣҿʲô轿ȵȣÿСƿҪһǧԪRMB, һ
ٶֻܳһڣЩҽ˵Щʲôв
޲ǿҩ˵ϴŵʱҩͿʼ˨DD
벻ШDDĽ˼ҵ֮ţDDûضӣ

ڳԷʱ򣬨DDͬáҩšҵ˵ٷ;
ԵѳԵһٷⲻһ˵ĿDDͬķ򸾵Ķӣ
һ180׵Ķʮü߸׳ʵСӣһСֽ
дʲôֻżªġдţݽң2400ԪС
˵ҽ˵ûвҲᡰbetter health
µˣҩ˿Դ˶úƭǮģ
һλ̨˵ôȰҶ򡱣ҽ˵ʲôʲô˵
ʵʹ󶼿еĲʲôóҩλ
˵ûⲡǡҽ˵ͻеġȥģ
˵ƾʲô֪͵ڸûеĲҰ
DDҲûܵס̫̫5000ԪʲôԴˣ
ҲֻεЦ

ϴõʱһλͬáҽ߹ҲǷû
ȥҵϡָ˵ӣ϶Ѫë˵
ûСص֬Σ˵ǰBֻһ֬
Ρһͺˣûõģǡҽ˵ͺˣ
õֻǼⶼƭЩûҽѧ֪ʶ˵ģDDλǵɵ
ˣDDϧĻû˵ͱ˽ˡȻ룬ĻǸҿ
ǧǮġݽҡġˣ

뿪ʱһϺͬǸң顰ͬʵ¡
ŰԪ󳮴Ʈ¡

ǵļλΣᣬҲͦλġмë
˵ëĻرλϺȫDD͵ԺС
ͬձ桷ھһĿǨDD˵ԼҵǿǾ
˵£ӦõϰߵأһҪѱ˺ݺݱһ£ƺȫй
һ֦㡱˶ڡû䡱ԳԼġǿ󡱣
ʵҲDDǶǴЩģô󣬰Ĵǡ

ֽѵ˵ĿǨDD98ҪЩʹ󣬶
ҪΪḻö࣬롣Ⲣûʹֹͣ٩٩ĿǸ
ôôǮDDȥǽܵƷDD꣬û
㡰ˡȥ꣬ϰ˲
ϱ˵ĻҲϰ˲ˡ

ȱò˵ءЩعεĻȻˣ
ĵλᵱĻôࡱǡȹ񡱣
ǸеصԼĸֱһΡȹ񡱣ǺǡҲҵ
Сȥζ˵ƺǴйĸɽûʶˣ
Ҳûġ˵̡ʱǳ࿴
صʮǰй

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ҥԱ

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ȴۼڹ㳡·һпտĵطȴ١

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414ຣ7.1֮

ȻҵԼصֳҥʱʵ
ͷƲδʧڵԤרҵġΡΪ
µΣ

ҥԺԴ

ڵѧҿϸµĶԵļҥ

ҥԷӳìܵһ·ȴ趨һ
ǰǵᷢΨģ͸Ըġѧ
ƽߡѧš

ӿѧϽϴδʱԽٴηĿܾԽСΪ޴
ļҪʱ䡣Ȼҥγһã
෢ءʹڶǻ۵Ŀ
ԡ

ֱӵĵƵµﲻĲҲܵ
ҥԡйһѸٵظԣһ棬ìһЩ
ȴڼӾ磬ǵìСĻǶҥһ
õĵֿƽ˵

ҥԲʹĻƣĿǰʮˡ

һƽĵۻᣬܾҥԵԴͷЩϣ
ͬר֮ײͬҥԵĴԸŵᷢ
һ۵㣬Լֵ𲻻ᷢרҵĹ۵㣬ʱֻǸ
²ܷ

ҵǣ⴫ҥԵ˱Ͼ١ʱǻὫͬȻ
ϵһӾҥԵĴ

1988꣬ڲһΪ꣬йҪ֣г
Ϻ첼ţɫаЩʱΣйرѩɺ
ֺƵҲʹòţѻһ

ҥԵķп͹۵ԭ򣬲ȫΪҪϸµ˵
Щ͹ԭҲʮѡƽ˵

Σ

һԣҥԵĴܽĳ̶ȣԵ֪ʶյĳ̶
ءҥԼȺдĿǰȻǺܺµ𣬵
ڵ֪ʶ˽ȷʵǳޡ

ĿǰԸҥЧķʽǹȨųʵϲⱨ
ʧܵʵʹÿε󣬵Ŷٿǰѹ
ҥʱӰ졣

һֱԵúܱڴķԤ
ô˵ġƽ˵

ѧĵߡѧšĿǰϿɵĵԤָ
ͨǰԤԤ׵ǰĵֻռ
20%ûǰƺࡣ

һ˵ֻڵԤԤǵʵ
ʵӰ졣Ԥģźǣǡǡ棬רҿ
ǡĿǰû׼ȷĶԤ

ƽйרҵıҲǳγɵġ1975꣬
ԤɹйٷйĵԤѾأҲȵ
λɽȴʧأֱ񣬹ɽ𵽵ûԤ
ġ˾ڴ

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