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Science 7 May 2010:
Vol. 328. no. 5979, pp. 689 - 690
DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689
Prev | Table of Contents | Next
LETTERS
Climate Change and the Integrity of Science
We are deeply disturbed by the recent escalation of political assaults 
on scientists in general and on climate scientists in particular. All 
citizens should understand some basic scientific facts. There is 
always some uncertainty associated with scientific conclusions; 
science never absolutely proves anything. When someone says that 
society should wait until scientists are absolutely certain before 
taking any action, it is the same as saying society should never take 
action. For a problem as potentially catastrophic as climate change, 
taking no action poses a dangerous risk for our planet.
Scientific conclusions derive from an understanding of basic laws 
supported by laboratory experiments, observations of nature, and 
mathematical and computer modeling. Like all human beings, scientists 
make mistakes, but the scientific process is designed to find and 
correct them. This process is inherently adversarialscientists build 
reputations and gain recognition not only for supporting conventional 
wisdom, but even more so for demonstrating that the scientific 
consensus is wrong and that there is a better explanation. That's what 
Galileo, Pasteur, Darwin, and Einstein did. But when some conclusions 
have been thoroughly and deeply tested, questioned, and examined, they 
gain the status of "well-established theories" and are often spoken of 
as "facts."

For instance, there is compelling scientific evidence that our planet 
is about 4.5 billion years old (the theory of the origin of Earth), 
that our universe was born from a single event about 14 billion years 
ago (the Big Bang theory), and that today's organisms evolved from 
ones living in the past (the theory of evolution). Even as these are 
overwhelmingly accepted by the scientific community, fame still awaits 
anyone who could show these theories to be wrong. Climate change now 
falls into this category: There is compelling, comprehensive, and 
consistent objective evidence that humans are changing the climate in 
ways that threaten our societies and the ecosystems on which we depend.

Many recent assaults on climate science and, more disturbingly, on 
climate scientists by climate change deniers are typically driven by 
special interests or dogma, not by an honest effort to provide an 
alternative theory that credibly satisfies the evidence. The 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific 
assessments of climate change, which involve thousands of scientists 
producing massive and comprehensive reports, have, quite expectedly 
and normally, made some mistakes. When errors are pointed out, they 
are corrected. But there is nothing remotely identified in the recent 
events that changes the fundamental conclusions about climate change:

(i) The planet is warming due to increased concentrations of 
heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. A snowy winter in Washington 
does not alter this fact.

(ii) Most of the increase in the concentration of these gases over the 
last century is due to human activities, especially the burning of 
fossil fuels and deforestation.

(iii) Natural causes always play a role in changing Earth's climate, 
but are now being overwhelmed by human-induced changes.

(iv) Warming the planet will cause many other climatic patterns to 
change at speeds unprecedented in modern times, including increasing 
rates of sea-level rise and alterations in the hydrologic cycle. 
Rising concentrations of carbon dioxide are making the oceans more 
acidic.

(v) The combination of these complex climate changes threatens coastal 
communities and cities, our food and water supplies, marine and 
freshwater ecosystems, forests, high mountain environments, and far 
more.

Much more can be, and has been, said by the world's scientific 
societies, national academies, and individuals, but these conclusions 
should be enough to indicate why scientists are concerned about what 
future generations will face from business-as-usual practices. We urge 
our policy-makers and the public to move forward immediately to 
address the causes of climate change, including the un restrained 
burning of fossil fuels.

We also call for an end to McCarthy-like threats of criminal 
prosecution against our colleagues based on innuendo and guilt by 
association, the harassment of scientists by politicians seeking 
distractions to avoid taking action, and the outright lies being 
spread about them. Society has two choices: We can ignore the science 
and hide our heads in the sand and hope we are lucky, or we can act in 
the public interest to reduce the threat of global climate change 
quickly and substantively. The good news is that smart and effective 
actions are possible. But delay must not be an option.

P. H. Gleick,* R. M. Adams, R. M. Amasino, E. Anders, D. J. Anderson, W. 
W. Anderson, L. E. Anselin, M. K. Arroyo, B. Asfaw, F. J. Ayala, A. Bax, 
A. J. Bebbington, G. Bell, M. V. L. Bennett, J. L. Bennetzen, M. R. 
Berenbaum, O. B. Berlin, P. J. Bjorkman, E. Blackburn, J. E. Blamont, M. 
R. Botchan, J. S. Boyer, E. A. Boyle, D. Branton, S. P. Briggs, W. R. 
Briggs, W. J. Brill, R. J. Britten, W. S. Broecker, J. H. Brown, P. O. 
Brown, A. T. Brunger, J. Cairns, Jr., D. E. Canfield, S. R. Carpenter, 
J. C. Carrington, A. R. Cashmore, J. C. Castilla, A. Cazenave, F. S. 
Chapin, III, A. J. Ciechanover, D. E. Clapham, W. C. Clark, R. N. 
Clayton, M. D. Coe, E. M. Conwell, E. B. Cowling, R. M Cowling, C. S. 
Cox, R. B. Croteau, D. M. Crothers, P. J. Crutzen, G. C. Daily, G. B. 
Dalrymple, J. L. Dangl, S. A. Darst, D. R. Davies, M. B. Davis, P. V. 
de Camilli, C. Dean, R. S. Defries, J. Deisenhofer, D. P. Delmer, E. F. 
Delong, D. J. Derosier, T. O. Diener, R. Dirzo, J. E. Dixon, M. J. 
Donoghue, R. F. Doolittle, T. Dunne, P. R. Ehrlich, S. N. Eisenstadt, T. 
Eisner, K. A. Emanuel, S. W. Englander, W. G. Ernst, P. G. Falkowski, G. 
Feher, J. A. Ferejohn, A. Fersht, E. H. Fischer, R. Fischer, K. V. 
Flannery, J. Frank, P. A. Frey, I. Fridovich, C. Frieden, D. J. Futuyma, 
W. R. Gardner, C. J. R. Garrett, W. Gilbert, R. B. Goldberg, W. H. 
Goodenough, C. S. Goodman, M. Goodman, P. Greengard, S. Hake, G. Hammel, 
S. Hanson, S. C. Harrison, S. R. Hart, D. L. Hartl, R. Haselkorn, K. 
Hawkes, J. M. Hayes, B. Hille, T. H?kfelt, J. S. House, M. Hout, D. M. 
Hunten, I. A. Izquierdo, A. T. Jagendorf, D. H. Janzen, R. Jeanloz, C. 
S. Jencks, W. A. Jury, H. R. Kaback, T. Kailath, P. Kay, S. A. Kay, D. 
Kennedy, A. Kerr, R. C. Kessler, G. S. Khush, S. W. Kieffer, P. V. 
Kirch, K. Kirk, M. G. Kivelson, J. P. Klinman, A. Klug, L. Knopoff, H. 
Kornberg, J. E. Kutzbach, J. C. Lagarias, K. Lambeck, A. Landy, C. H. 
Langmuir, B. A. Larkins, X. T. Le Pichon, R. E. Lenski, E. B. Leopold, 
S. A. Levin, M. Levitt, G. E. Likens, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, L. Lorand, 
C. O. Lovejoy, M. Lynch, A. L. Mabogunje, T. F. Malone, S. Manabe, J. 
Marcus, D. S. Massey, J. C. McWilliams, E. Medina, H. J. Melosh, D. J. 
Meltzer, C. D. Michener, E. L. Miles, H. A. Mooney, P. B. Moore, F. M. 
M. Morel, E. S. Mosley-Thompson, B. Moss, W. H. Munk, N. Myers, G. B. 
Nair, J. Nathans, E. W. Nester, R. A. Nicoll, R. P. Novick, J. F. 
O'Connell, P. E. Olsen, N. D. Opdyke, G. F. Oster, E. Ostrom, N. R. 
Pace, R. T. Paine, R. D. Palmiter, J. Pedlosky, G. A. Petsko, G. H. 
Pettengill, S. G. Philander, D. R. Piperno, T. D. Pollard, P. B. Price, 
Jr., P. A. Reichard, B. F. Reskin, R. E. Ricklefs, R. L. Rivest, J. D. 
Roberts, A. K. Romney, M. G. Rossmann, D. W. Russell, W. J. Rutter, J. 
A. Sabloff, R. Z. Sagdeev, M. D. Sahlins, A. Salmond, J. R. Sanes, R. 
Schekman, J. Schellnhuber, D. W. Schindler, J. Schmitt, S. H. Schneider, 
V. L. Schramm, R. R. Sederoff, C. J. Shatz, F. Sherman, R. L. Sidman, K. 
Sieh, E. L. Simons, B. H. Singer, M. F. Singer, B. Skyrms, N. H. Sleep, 
B. D. Smith, S. H. Snyder, R. R. Sokal, C. S. Spencer, T. A. Steitz, K. 
B. Strier, T. C. Sdhof, S. S. Taylor, J. Terborgh, D. H. Thomas, L. G. 
Thompson, R. T. TJian, M. G. Turner, S. Uyeda, J. W. Valentine, J. S. 
Valentine, J. L. van Etten, K. E. van Holde, M. Vaughan, S. Verba, P. H. 
von Hippel, D. B. Wake, A. Walker, J. E. Walker, E. B. Watson, P. J. 
Watson, D. Weigel, S. R. Wessler, M. J. West-Eberhard, T. D. White, W. 
J. Wilson, R. V. Wolfenden, J. A. Wood, G. M. Woodwell, H. E. Wright, 
Jr., C. Wu, C. Wunsch, M. L. Zoback

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: 
petergleick@pacinst.org
Notes
1. The signatories are all members of the U.S. National Academy of 
Sciences but are not speaking on its behalf.
2. Signatory affiliations are available as supporting material at 
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/328/5979/689/DC1.

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2010. 1. 15


1.	ݴѧУѧίԱľٱš
2.	˿ѧվع
http://xys4.dxiong.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia3/zhangxueguang.txt 

http://xys.s3.amazonaws.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia3/zhangxueguang.txt
3.	ݴѧѧίԱѧλίԱĹźͽ
http://xys4.dxiong.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia4/zhangxueguang2.txt  

http://xys.s3.amazonaws.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia4/zhangxueguang2.txt
4.	ݴѧѧίԱѧλίԱĹżйѧ

http://xys4.dxiong.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia6/zhangxueguang.txt

http://xys.s3.amazonaws.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia6/zhangxueguang.txt
5.	ϽսͨУӳϮ¼
http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-07-15/033918222253.shtml
6.	ϽУϮıȡʿѧλ
http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-07-16/041418230537.shtml



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ԴԺηǽ˵ѧ˭ܴӡǽ˵е

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ҲûҵڡǽĿѧ塣ãϿ
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ʲôժǽĻñӣˡȻҲû
бҪȥѧά͹ˡˣһЩνġƷʹг

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ķȥЩΣأάʹٽԼĽҪò
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̡һ˵ǴӴڵΣ״̬Σ״̬Σ״̬ٵ
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УͨѧķҵΣأԵԤԤȥ
Σأпܳɹϡӻתķͷչ̣Ӷ
ʵάĿġѪѹ̣ЩǽΣأǿͨ
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(XYS20100509)

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˾ʲôѱǡ᣿

ߣĦ

쿴վһţĿǡ29ѱ
״γַӦ֮ееɡƼǰڼм
κٹ·Ҧׯ㣬Աʹһ֡ѱǡһͿͳ
мʱ򣬡ѱǵָ뾹Ȼָͳ˰죬ʲôΣƷ
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ѱǡʲô㽭Ʊı㽭һЩ·վʹ
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http://zjfzb.zjol.com.cn/html/2010-04/16/content_1_1.htm⡰Ħ
ѱǡǴαѧһɱΪ㡢ÿ̨ۼʮԪ
ƭ֡Īǣмκٹ·ҦׯҲʹˡĦѱǡ
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29ѱ״γַӦ

2010050808:02 㽭-Ǯ

ͨѶԱ ϲ  פ˼ þΰ

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лѧɱƷҦ֪æ֪˾ѳʻԱ
ȫļ顣ǣǰԳ˿ͺͳ2Сʱܼ
ʣȴʼûзɵ㣬⵽ôأ

29 ѱ״γַӦ

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ӱѧʿʦɽڳϮѧɹϵв֤ģ

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ʷӰ͹ѧУ200812
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1ʷӰ͹ѧУ110ҳ2C
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ĸݡѧģһȽʵãѧ
ҪĽһӦȫЩѧԣͼݡѧѧģ
С40ңѧƱȸѧѧСûͼһཨ
20ҡֲɸѧԱپģѧѧԱ
࣬УģϴѧԱ٣УģҲСЩ
ĵطѧУеֱӳΪݡأѧеĳĳݡ
أѧƺиݡѧѧʵ߲ûбʵֻ
ڽͬûѧУܳΪѧѧĲ
֣һ˵ǰѧںѧһȺѧУ
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ѡйʷ23ҳ1624ҳ9ݣ

طݡѧƲһȽʵãѧȱ
ҪĽһӦȫЩѧԣͼݡѧѧ
СʮңѧƱȸѧѧСûͼһཨ
ڶʮҡֲɸѧԱپģѧѧԱ
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ĵطѧУеֱӳΪĳݡأѧеĳĳݡأ
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ͬĵطѧУȿɳΪѧֿɳΪݡ
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˵ǰѧںѧһȺѧУ
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طѧУУַһ㶼ԶУȡĵط
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2ʷӰ͹ѧУ110ҳ17C
27ݣ

طѧĽѧݣ춨ں䡣꣨1369꣩涨ѧ
ѧѧרһ֡䡢顢Ʒֽ̡꣨1370
ְ꣩䲼ϰڵطѧУ涨ÿ³һʮ
ڹݻеϰԺЩѧ𲽿ԣԱϰ䡣
ʮ꣨1392꣩¹涨˸ѧĽݣıƷ
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Ŀʷɣɡھھھࡷ롶
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ѡйʷ34ҳ1935ҳ6ݣ

طѧĽݣ춨ں䡣꣨1369꣩涨ѧ
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ݣҪ͢䲼ľʷɡھ׼Ӧƹ
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3ʷӰ͹ѧУ111ҳ21C
28ݣ

ʱѡطѧ̹ҲܽϸͨԻиľ
䵱ͳԺγ˽̹ɸѧУ깱䵱Ĺڵطѧ
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ѡйʷ78ҳ1C7ݣ

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䵱ͳԺγ˽̹ɸطѧУ깱䵱Ĺڵط
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صѧ̹١ϼƶ깱ԱƲò䵱̹١ˣ
˽̹ٶİܻ̹ʵѧĺ٣æάƣͽ
һҲ⡣

󣬶˵

һЩ֣ȫǷԵ֣ϣ
ʷӰ͹ѧУУûһעͣڲ۲
۵ĳϮ

ڶʷӰ͹ѧУϮѡ
йʷݻУ֤

ϣɽڶԱεĲ֤д𸴡ΪʹɽЧش𸴣
ɽڣ벻Ҫ˵ԼΪûмעͣ벻Ҫ˵
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ҽѧҩѧЩᷨõԸ޷ʵֵģǲܵġ

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Ľ׶ΣȻ1543ά幹ѧ1628꣬άѪ˶
ۣʹͶѧȷΪѧκХ1821--1902ϸѧ
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ҽѧĳɾͣÿһεŵѧ/ҽѧΪһִ
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һǺʵУֻԼסҽѧپ
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//Ƣ///ʵȥִֶϵĲҽҩƣǡ
Բ䡱ǸԲϺŵġ

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ڸıͣǲоעδϸĿѧ֤
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ڵҩоǴӾﻯѧͻѧָ£
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Typhoid feverһ

ƣçᣬ־ʮӵĻѧӦųΪơΪ֪
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ҩھУЩЧģѱķŪˡݸĿ
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http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/detail_2010_05/07/1493293_0.shtml
й60 Ϊ첻ɻ ʲô
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νĹͷзһ̨װĲ
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˿֮һ߼Ͻ컨㡱ġʮһ
ȥѧǸңԶһģȴбڡ˿ķ

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