                           ˿µϣ20100615գ

10.06.15, Ƶӡ22ȹ۲죭ҽǷš
10.06.15, ˿20106º
ʫѩ졷
ţδǿ̤ʵء⡶˵ȼ
˿¶죬Щʱӡ󡷡ֱסͷ򡶸ɺ骱硶¡
Ǭ죶衷ФëһѾ㡷
͡굤ɽϡ

˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)

Ƶӡ22ȹ۲죭ҽǷš

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(XYS20100615)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)



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үү̷һصʮĸףȥڹɳӡ1977߿ָ
ײϰһ꣬ȥμӸ߿ȻȫһϾҲʧȥ̫࣬
ˡѧУȰ˵үүøٶһִ꣬ⲻϣ
֪ѴԸٸүү̫صĸԼǰ;ȣ
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֪ѾˣҪ־͹ֲĳƶȰɣũ庢ӵĻ̫١

ѧڼ䣬׳ҡһθʹùܵң
50ԪȻҸմ㹻ѡһηѧУţ
ڵң˺ܶóԵĸҡһ˯׺ʹͶ
߿ǰϦҪߣܾɥ绰ףøװ򹤵Ĵ
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ųԣ㡣ȻҸ߿׻ǲġҿһһţ
ˣҵʱе㲻ˣ׻Ц֮صЩ飬
Ǹױؼҵġ

ҿϴѧ׺ܸˣȻϲ˵֪ˡҺ
Ҹ߿֮֮ǰдĶ˺ˣĵҿϡ
Լģȴĸ׿οң˵Ͼٸϰһ꣬ûϵԼ
صӲѹȥϴѧ֮ǰСѧʦԷ֪
ǸˡҵһȥǸŵģУ֮󣬸˵ϵ
ƱһҲû࣡Һ֪׻ȥ֮
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˴ѧңƺʼһЩ˵Ӱ죬ЩͬĿһ
ؼңҺ͸ΪһС˵һ仰˸׵ģ
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ǽϰ壬һٵ˸׵ĲѽǸ죬ĸһеͶ뵽
罨Уȫװ޺ˣ˳飬ŷ֣ĸѾ̫ˡ
Ϊ˴ԺʡģԼǳ˿ѽ

Ҿر׵ǽչ˲ˣ07ҵ08
үүһеĶСչһҵ
ڼҽҲԭִҪһ˻ѧУ׼Ҫȥ
ҲžԼǶôЦѧУڰҽʡҽԺ
סԺܾ˱ͱ˵ĵѡһũףԼĶӶȹ
ѵһӡҽǸ᲻УҽԺתʱĻѣø
ڸ֮䱼һ棬ҾسԺãһ棬Լֻϳ԰ײˡ
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ҵĵúܣȴֺˣΪ֪Ӳãܵ£
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ףĸĸŮأҶԸ׵ĸĤȫɢˡ

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תүү»Ǯϣ˵㲻Ҷ̧Ҳð̧ȥ
״粽үүľط̡ʱҲȥˣܣ
໵ˡ׻ݣܰȥүүϢңҷġ
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   ŴʷڸõϰߵļThe 
History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, 
Customs and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, by William Marsden
1811мơŴʷ
   
   ֲѧ̬ѧľѧA Review of 
Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, Ecology and Silviculture, by Center for 
International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, 1998м
ơֲ 
   
    R. A. DonkinΪʷѧDragon's Brain Perfume. An 
Historical Geography of Camphor, 1999д
   
    ڶйֲרҵ֣඼ҵΪҴɵ
˵ȫһڵ󼸶֣ȫѵţЩ
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ָ㣬ָֿ
   
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ڳڵ׻УѧڲغΣֱԼ顣 

˵ףܶôԸԵġڸ 
޸ɾסݻҶ󻮵ءоðգ 
Լ壬ιǻӥԼӳֹĵȴ;η 
ûпңҲԵ顣 

ڵͺҲ䣬Ϊ𹩷оӳ֡ҽʩ 
Ͷľ䣬ϣҵͬһõĹඥʾͨ޳֣ϴ 
Ŀѳҵֻһޱ񣬲ûаַŵ 
ͷͨûκαģһҵء 

һЩʧҲұԿնߵͷֱĳ͵ͷ 
ղҵƽĲ࣬񳣬 
ü侲ĹâĪ⣬һģ 
һ޸ɲվڷұߣͳһصΰߣ 
ެĵһҳλ33ո˾ɵأڽʲ׶ 
ĴСɣȡޣᲴȵأռнĴ 
ȹءеı鶼ɢͱ˵ľ֮Կΰ 
һװԭǶ徫ƷκϣһĿԵø 
 

¥ʽӺǱѨʱĵһ 
ľǵһաڱڻ꾡δ˵еʷ 

ͼӾֵͬﾳǱ 
ӵڽ˼룬ٴʺͼֵվھıڻǰԺ 
ͬ߰ҡĽʱǼڶ¥ù 
ľġڻϵĻԵİʥķҲ 
ڷ񡢲ڹĴЩÿʯ 
ɫʣ𽥰ѹȥػѡ 

ɽϣֽڵϽ󵱡˶ĵطλ³ز 
ϰԶú򣬷Դ˲Ⱥ 
ȷʱɲŮڹɽɽ˰飬ʹú 
ɽԭس⡢ޡѩɽɭֺͺһ˵ټȻ 
˷ǳԡʱڣúӶڹԪǰ 
ҶʱϤҰѾʼֲţ򡣴 
䣬屾Ӻٱҵγɡڵȵ۹ 
֣ڲԭʼ̻ϣͨĸﴴ 
ϵӺٱ̡ Ե˹ɽµʥԭʼġ㡢 
ҽҩռԡȡʯġԼԡȷ޳ɱļ 
ǹ죬ɸ״꣩ȡֶӺٱܹ 
ĵסظԭһЩѣΪش 
̴ô˷м빩춨˼ʵһֱ 

˵պĲᣬͬʱˣĳԶԶΪ 
ӵľҫ죬ԸңСͱ䳤Ϊ࣬պó 
꼴صĲڲ俪˻ 

ĳңԶ糿̫ոմϲɽû¶ȵҫ 
ѩǵƹɽһĸվڲľ׵ɽڣزˮ 
һζ˵ذѶƯó̡ 
ŵǳظĸףʼġ 

Σķظԭѩɽţݺᣬܣûе 
·κνͨߵĸɽӹȣԴ˶ãĥѣ 
Ҳ޷ԭòǼɽһμ 
һ˼顣˵ϰʼյʱ 
˳ָһ¸գΪϡ 

ǲĶӣֽκ׼ȷʷϿԲ֤ 
д800꣬ʮ޸ɲʱŷ顣ǲ 
ĶӲҪܿͱΪ죬ȺܱߴСչ 
£ˣòչ׳ú˱Ϊð 
Ĳգõ˴仰Ȩıɮŵ֤ͼᡣ 
ȱضԭϵ˺ɽúȡ˳ҫ 
մչũҵʼ칭򵥵ߡԱ 
˵ȼ𱰣ϮƶȣʽӺٱΪ̣ڽ 
˲ʷϵһ潨ӺǱ 

ӺһЩ 

ʱԼѾȥ2260ꡣҵĽǹͺͺɽԭء 

վӺǱȥĳǰԻɽԭأе㲻֪ԡ 
Ӹ£Ұ̶СɵӺǱĸ⵽˼ 
𻵣ûΪҪĵƵԱȫڿĳǱֻǸƷ 
ȻⲢӰеԡ 

ҵǰúӹȵشвֿɹֲأããԭ쵽 
Զĵط꣬һǱѡΪĸ¹ɽ 
ҪеֿҰţ޷áʱǰ棬طɭïܣ 
ݳӦгȺҰ޳ûǰ׽彲 
Сʱĸ׵Ȫȡˮʱǰʳ˺ﹲ 
ԭ̬ĺгˡҰѼ۵̬ãǲ 
Զ뿪˵ҼΪ˶ռػ 
ƽȡҪڱõĻ̬лʵ塣 
Ĺ£ʹݼһЩطȻгԭ̬Դ 

ӺΪҹֱ˾סԺ󣬿ʼ 
áÿʮ׷ѩɽͲԴĻ˵̽ԴҲ 
˷ʥ˶䣬ǧ½ͨӺ 
ɽȥȥڻƳǱľͨϣʱӵķҹ 
תƵľͨߵͲƽǶ͵ɽ£ȥΣգת߾ 
Ȼûзɽµ¼ת꾭ؽ 
ǶʵͽתѾΪĲ̷֣ΰľ 
ݾǻ˰͵ԼİҸ 

һλ尢վصһɣ¯ǰæµ˳֦˶䡣 
ɽϣкܶصһһũһһƿ 
ЩɣƷһֻһԪҡȡһ֦Žɣ 
̷ҡ¯ţݸһʮԪҡ˵ˡȻԲͨ 
Ӧҵ˼ҵġִⲻܣǳִذ 
С¼йܶεѾڣǿж 
μƷΣͳΪĹ 

Ӻ3700ףҪͽɽ 
Եʮּѣ쳣٣ƽ߼ 

뿪Ӻ㷭ɵĳϢ 
ķɽԭȵأɳա 

ɣĴǰŸԱ硣ǰɽСΪ 
ǣһƥСĻҰɫӰ￴ָͷ 
֮Ȼǲ̵¸ԭµɽԭϣҿһɫ 
ֲζſֻ֮ʳòϡɽϵûһƥ뵽 
ʡЩСͺӯӺֺ; 
˶͡ҵ16ľˣɵĸξбɣ 
Ȼ˺ܶ롣һ·ϲЦտ˵˲ٻɣһڣ 
ũҵΪʳ㹻һƥţһֻﲻţΪ 
޳ṩ̺ͣǴͲıƷûзĲݳ 
Ҫţ򡣲˵ʳԭ쳣ļ򵥣κͲ裬 
ԴʳӺͲξ㣬ṩһ 
ЩƷֻũͥһָҵڹ 

ǵڲضһжĵط߽ӷüҸ¥ϵľã 
Ҽûʵļͥãʽкڵķƿ 
鱦ֵһڵвͥĿ࣬ͬһط 
С;õĳ衣ڲÿÿоãġ 
ǶִңԶԶԽǶĸǳ֪⡣ 

ɣ۵ţԼҲ൥ϣ˵ǿ 
㣬ӰҶӵϲ΢Ӻڣ 
ɣ20Ǯ⣬һ˹ϴͳľܾɣ͸һ͡ 

鷢ԴެǹϵģȻŲϵĴͳ 
ĵ֮Ǽ򵥴̬ȣʹظԭһ 
ЩطԱȫ̬粢Ѿ׸ı䣬 
ߴͬıֻǵʶֻȣûļظ 
ԭԷֲŻһЩδ䣬磬ڽ 
ͻҡ 

ȱϯܶʵĻһõʱͲƸĬ 
ɲŮｻˣʯʱӺɽ 
ʮ޸ɲɽ˶Ǩ侭˷ǳĹ̡ 
ڽԱʶʱ䣬ֻǾϷ¡Ρ޲͸ĹϽ 
Ӻ֤սͿѣǾֱǨ 
ͲпԼʷĻԴĸʵѾɢú 
أеǻϡϣеںʱﶳҲ 
 

ִһУʱİ£𽥱ģ塣 

ΨһȷӺǱоԽɽϵ־ò 
ϢɣĸףҲԽڳʥɽת 
Ϊ˶ͣгṩʵ 

һҸ 

 

º֣ں˻һڷ;ֵĴתתȥ 

޸ɲڹԪ632ͳһأެΪ˹̸ոս 
ūȨƽս˵ģȶݻ͵ 
ѰǾҲǰյĹͬҪʷϣÿһȨ 
ġĺߣʵֺƽ;ҲΪܶȻѡ 
⡣ΰ޸ɲͳһԺһ߰׼ҡչ 
ãһЦɳʹڣŻƽ鱦ܱüȥԭӵⵯ 
ǿģʱǿ顣ʲôǿŮ˺Ͱǿ 
ءʹҲ֣ȿʵֺƽҲս֪ 
ʷǰʤƳ͢ĳɹᲴҵĳȺ 
߽ظԭȰĺƽ޸ɲŮˡ 

16ĳɹڹԪ641굽ʱǴŽյʢװ 
רΪӭȢ޽ĲܣųƮɣڴƽĲ 
ظ裬ϲأΪλƳʢΪŨصĻ 
ӭʽ;ĳɹʢһ̡ 

ʱᲴƳѾģɺϵǣԶص 
мױУŷ񣬺ǰй˽̸һЭ顣 
޸ɲĸޣΪһĸڽ̣ɽ˶ڣ 
̵Ĵ󳼶޸ɲһֱڵȴʱԸŷ̵ 
󣬺ެ谮һһߴ磬ֲڽʽ߽ 
ެճ̡Ȼʽش̳Ϊ̣ʮߴ 
޵ʱɵ飬µĽɣΪڽ˷ʡӢ 
޸ɲ֪Ҫڶڸı̫ʵѾ900Ĺ 
ʷгб̵ǿ󣬵ȸЩһЩʾźš 
ǣڹѡ16ǰӡѧϰȽĿѧͷѧסɣѧ 
ެ󣬴ƳֲģֻûֵʷҲΪ 
ɵз̣׼˸ܡ 

ԼڹԪ645ĳɹ飬صһͷصķɽ 
˶ɡʱֻзãûɮ£ﰲŵĳɹެ 
Ĳȼެ˵Ĳ£ڽѿʼΧڽ 
У˴ٽԱϳݣѷӵ׼ȷޡ 
ͬһεĵطȫòѾ̫ܣ߸߹˷ 

ϡ١ڶظԭλɽڵĲ£ 
ȻȱԶ֡˿ܼĵطǸµ 
֣ڵһھ÷Ⱥ 
кܴĲͬͬ֡ȫẒ̌һʽ 
ǰ鶼׸˾һûϣû׵壬Ҫ 
ڸӵѪ·׷ѰԴڽӴĴͳѪ 
ٹ̡һ˸ɸɾɸɾ뿪Ҫģ 
ȫҹתԺֻǸһк 
޳ĳԼ޳ֿܵķźͷ޳Աʾ򣨷𣩣 
ϲ֮࣬ճֻأʵָ֮֡ 

һʥõڽ롣 

еĲǽת鳤;ڵ 
һʮ忴ȻͬĻĲϸƺߣƶ 
Ĳ˼ʮӱͳʼ˿ǰķ١ 
ǼҲĴٸ󣬻²˰գ׷ӵá 
³һ죬йССӵŸʽȺŸ 
ʽ£ŸʽǺη֣Ž 
Ͱݡм䣬಻ֹµڣڵϺԸԸ 
پóá˺ͨԴȵȹغԸ 
ǣһЩӭҪ³һյһ 
ۣǷ˼ҲҴҵؼӴУĸԸ 
ؽˮʪĳƱ׻õĻڡ 

ʲôڰ⻷µƺڰЩǣԴ 
Ӷ˼ 

ӷ𡣆ذˡˡšﲻ 
߶ǵֺͷ䣬ԭſڿľȺնȣԭǷ 
Ҹسɷ𣬺οҺҵĳбϾʼһ 
ִȱĿܡЩɽϵľ֮ûйϵ 

ڲڴżϹЩŲʱ 
ĥĵ淺΢⡣ǶҡҵľͷҲλǡһȺ 
ϰҡž֣ӲµĴŽѾվͨ͸£Ҿ 
żΣҰԼıһ 

ҸתΧȿʼתûκܰ 
ߵú⶯Ѿ͹ⷢľľйִ 
ľֿʼתµŶӣҲؼתж飬 
ĹͭƤҫÿд1008Σת 
תһȦһΣдһпдϣʯͷᦲ 
ľͷ紵һΣͰһڲͣУģָĵ 
·ȷķΪԲģᶨƵУֻпʼ 
ûн 

ûκһ仰ʹƵΣԳִ䡣ǰ 
ҾԼùϵﲢǼ򵥵ţһʱգһ 
صӣֱָԵĴڣ̲ķǻۺʹȱ߶ 
ǲںͿĿռ佻ֻһ۱رˣ 
ǵ۾ôԶĵطȻҲͿµĵԱ棬ͨ 
䡢۵ȵ޳ַǵԴ򿪣Ƿ 
ǿ͵һ֪ͨ 

վڲſھ;棬ָžϵĲģһһ 
ؽҷءȡ䡢ˡһٶۣһòƲ 
֣ԡ͡ˡĶ׼岻䷳̵һ 
ѽѽѧӤҵķ弸ЦܿģҺ 
ɥִĳʱյԣӦþȷѧᣬԱʱ֮衣 
Ҳ˵κԣ˻˵ʱ򣬻 
ޡաкһĳ˲䣬˵ 
Եˣֻɵ΢Ц֧Ӧˡ 

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ȻٵƵ꼸Ȧ齫岻Ϥ˿ˡ齫ЩȺ 
棬ûҵӣҲ۵ڷŪ 
ƻߡKTVͷȣֻݵˣ 
س롣ھԶĵطֻءţ̸˵ 
ȫۣͬûֳɵľ飬ָҺߵø 

ڲɮʯϣ졣ʱ䶼ʲô 
Ͱػشʲôܵҵʻ磬ûôŪ 
ΪʲôһֻëСڿ쾮ȥʱ̧ɰԴ 
ǡȴֹ̣ʲôϸצƤץӣû 
þϺӡϲͨ͸ûڣϣԼ 
ţһ͸죬ӲֲڣһӾҵԭ֤ݡ 
Ĵѧ˵İȼһźӰҳŵĴԺһ 
ǵðɰȼ״ΪдĵַѺӰƬĻɽϡ 

һοľҵȷؼԵ 

ûĵصһƿʷϵһڣ 
ϧ̫Ϻϡֻվڸհܹ 
ʥ󡣹õģҲģԴҲԳ 
Ƶķ䡣κִĶܼӿϵٻ١Īʱ 
ڣԼ13541375˶ƿ29026 
ʯƽ𣬹ɽϲµķڣŴդΧһֱڰ 
ȫĵطն顣 

ҿҲµƿ뿪ܾԺҺ 
ĺӰǸƿ 

ͨʥص· 

ɽϣҵгǱоеԴеԴԸԭѩ 
ɫᦡ졢֮૵ 

ܿѧηԭѩ㼣ѱ׼ȷԤǼд 
Ϣ˵˵ȥȥ 

³زУʵɽҹıѩӹ̲أ 
ڻǼӲϡ֦ϣԴĶš 
йµ飬Ӵ¶ˮһЩ 
üͷżļᣬشɽߺ 
һжܻɳֲ߻ζ 
ûһֹֻͣǰϻһʣǱִ 
ĽŲ 

Ž;ףеҵ󣬾ѩԭٵĹ 
ŸɽϿȣ ˮԴĺ£˵ 
ûмŽˮλݡ 

һ·ϣǲʱԿںֲ̲ľȺҺ͵ 
ÿ궼ҪôʽŽıɳ̬ƺû˸ 
תɳڼӴˮҲڲϼ١ֻ֪е 
һڹϡû뵽ڼžŽ򣬲ֵܽǣҲ 
ѡؼѾʮӷ׵Ľ顣 

20103Ѯйϵ˴ɺѵ˿ڲ 
˴أ6000˴ˮ֮УݣҵһͿ 
֪ڲӡشͺܿ濳ֲ 
ǡڿ󡢲͡ʲô͸ʲô˰֧Ŵء 

ǴŸӵĴУһ緱æ˼δ뿪塣 

һɽ룬һɣȻʵô 
ϿᣬӵɳȷӲϣռŽӰܴһ֡ɳ 
ڵ·ϣǰ½̨صɳĮ· 
ûʼ򻬣ǿҵȻλεţͣ³ͻȻ 
еЩ䡣ظԭ˳Ϊ˼һ龻Ӳѩɽ 
ɭֲݳԼעİᦡ͹ 
Ĵׯ 

ƶ֮ϵεԭܳɳĮأҵʣ˵Ҵֲ 
죬ΣգнȻζܱչں 
Ȥ㹻ɣڱ֯ŵĻԣҲ 
׷Ѱܵľ֮ãεļأȫΥҶƬػе 
иֿС 

ϣھĴĿģֻʱڴںһ 
ƭ֡ұԼĬռԼģûʲôѣ 
ǿ˻ֲ̿ 

һͨŽεĵ·㹻;飬 
³زϿȣڸԭɽˮֱߵԴͷڱ 
 

һĳʥ֮·ǰԶǲش̵һ 
ɮȫɣҮ¡Ҳǳʥߣ˵ûгʥߵ֤ɣҮ 
µľھҺԶĵطֻʵС 

ǰһ׸߿շеʱɽѾө׵Ļѩ 
Ӳıİҵĺ̡ʲô¶ѩɽ¶վ綥ˣ 
㸩ŽӴءڷɻϿظԭѾبŵĻͰ 
ע񶳽ţĿԶ˺Ķ 
Щѩɽĺ ƺӡŭ׽ 
ԴԴϵˮ࣬ûϣӲ 
ԭѩɽήкٻ߶ 
ȥ꣬ӡʵʱڣͶϲɽ 
ıήн̸УԱȡʵԴʩ޴½ġˮ֮ 
ԴյһЩϱˮԴѷѾΪԶ 
ĽܿΪһθɾˮ󶯸ɸ꣬ΪʯԴһ 
ҵйϡ󲿷ֵˮʵһδ⧲ 
ʱ岨Ƶ5000ƽˮ޲1972곹 
ɿݣΪ޸꽵ˮ8׵ĸɺء߹ľӡ 
ȸӡ׽ԼλҹصĶ˹ӡɺӣʱ 
ҲԾ˵ٶȵÿ꾿жٺԶ뿪жٱ 
ɹͺͺĶǲҿյݣЩݶͷչ 
Բơ 

³زӰһδлطӰˮ硷Ҫ 
ĳ糿ʱšˮͷֹܵŻѧũҩֻй 
ҺͨĻ豸ԺټӼáڼϡ 
켦ˮ͡͡ըԭӵɴ೶Ƥ壬ѧ 
ǰ滯ѧӿĽ죬˭Ҳͬ⡶ˮ硷Ϊ 
˵ҵǰغ󱳣֪մŨĿˮ 

ڣһ֣Ϊгεɳʯ̲Ϊ³ز 
ԴأϲɽɽԵ˹ɽءڡɫ׹ 
زΰıϺߡ³ز 
ĸһءڽڱһСٰأ 
ˮԴڡԭϵСǣΪսصɳˮѣ 
سȰǨسǾһΰǨ1995꣬Ҳ1960꽨 
ĵĴΰǨȻλѩɽǵˮȻҪԶس 
2ĲӱˮһζôңԶ·̣ں4700׵ĵطͽ 
ߣѾʮּѣοǰС죬ˮЯŴɳȡ 
ˮԺҪáʮǰѩˮӯȪڽȫ 
ɿݡ 

һЩ仯ڲ뿪ǵľ顣ٰسǲԺֽ 
һΰǨˮԴԽԽԶһλȥõż 
ٰ͵ģ³زԴͷһٰͣǵϡˮԴ 
Ļţﻹһֱ뽭һƬвݳ浽ˣ 
ǰĿͺɽԭνĿģﲻζһ·ϣ·ʱɳ 
ǡ 

㼣߱˴صÿһءǿģζֿ 
ޱ߼ʡȻԼķʽֿͳͷΪһŭ 
ء¥ʧ٣ӱšŸȵȹųǵ 
伣֪ս򡢻ԭûδ֪Ĵڣ 
߸ǿسͷΪǡʲô 
ԳȻ 

ȻʹڴѩɽսݼŵᣬѾϲ 
ص˿ڡеҪֻʣһˮ룬˵ѩɽѾܼʩ 
ᣬ˵ʧȥ˿塣 

ڣǰĵ·ϣҲ¾һĵطҿ 
ףҲĿգңԶزĵװɣķ 
оԶһЩѩʥࡣҲҪʶ²ɣҴȥ 
ĺҹҵľԭûκ塣ڸԵķˣ 
ֱٷ 

¾ãؾڵСׯɳʱǡþߡ 
͸ҿһ磬ׯɳΧУûпһˣ 
ԿĹͷҲûټϵľᦡɳȾѾ 
ѱ汾ɫмúӦúܹˣü۵ڴߣ֦Ҷе 
ոšɵϲҲϡ·ߵĽɫɳ 
˿ţһɫ·ߡɫרʶξ㣬 
ͨáʲôʱɳɢ֮أҲ֪ǵҲ֪ 
ŽһɳĮۣɾһĵ漣һ 
гͣɳԵм˸߲ҵա 

ǴصˣΪūɽΨи߹ 
һʵĲԭţ򣬱Ƶ԰ֻѧɭ֡ 
Сڲ͡һ뿪·Ҳһ 
ǽҵִĲ˭Ҳ˺һׯһ 
ׯȿֺ뿪˵ͼꡭڷЩˣֻ 
޵ֺͻ񣬷ǵȡﻹһƴ̣ҡҷصĶ飿 
δһϪϴĸ棿 

¾Ȼڼءֶܼãö֪֪ҵ 
᲻طһ 

ҾǸڷˣ˺ܶˮȵʹ 
ĥѣѰžżƽϢսľû뵽 
ַʱ䣬ڴصĳطѾҵʱ 
򣬺ܿѾܱϣҲղء 

еѾңңɽľףֻǱǳĳ 
ƣòһԺߡϵƣûҼеĸԭͨ͸ 
ްסѹĻɳӿỤ̃һ󡣲֪ 
δܶĴ磬ͻȻڿտɽԭЯŻɳǵͷ 
ذʱɳֳܵһɳ 

ɳڼǰպͺʼģ塣ɳ 
գȰұĿǳʮƣ롣ͻȻ뵽Ӧ߶ʲô 
ĹȻѣǣ 

ذ 

ѩϵ 

ϰ˳𳵺ͷɻеˣɣҮƫԶ 

ͨ͵·ػûִ38ɣҮ£ 
ԺԵһЩ塣ʥǣѾڻؼҵ·ϡ 
ɽڵسִûб߼ʵʱ;о;ĸСʱ 
ĵ 

Ҫҵش׼ȷַɣҮ¾ǵһơ·϶ 
ϵıѩԼ֪ʲôʱɳǲͿ࣬ȥ 
ҪѰżʵʵ࣬ԭͲڻһʱȡ 
ҪѰ桢ĺʱҪΪ֮ϧû 
ֳɵĶֿɵá 

ϲ·лҪͬһطȥʹ 
Զ·ϵ档ִɣҮǰΪ³زսݵˮͻȻ 
ɳ;ζѰܵľ֮ȫһߣ˼ 
ͻȻܵŽԴͷӢڣԼθĻѧũҩ 
սήıˮԴੲݡʥߴһǵг̺ 
·൱ȷֱӣһ򣬲ǲ 
Ǹ£һԳ;ת 

ɣҮ䲻񲼴֣Ϊش̵ľԴͷȻǺܶ 
Ĺʥء 

ϡ١ӵظԭȱԵʥ 
Ϊ١˹ҲɵģһҪȥҳʥһΣԼȥ 
ҲҪ˴㲻ϰˣҲòľꡣǾ 
Կڲſտɽԭȵأɳĳʥߣõķʽ 
ƶͨʥĵ·ϣѩ衣 
Ƕʥʥӣѱ⡣ʥ֮·ûй 
·ͳ;ĵطֻ˫ţǰ÷ǳѣ; 
Ҫʱ䣬һꡢꡣ 

ǰڲض뿨һʥߡڼ붬 
ɽԭͲݳѱѩǡԹѩϣصĲۺͱң 
ڳ;бɫϥǺͱ·صýƤĥ 
ƵλáѣѪ¶ƤϣһĿʹ 
ĵûаصĽЬףò̶ʱܼٲˡ 

ڷѩغɫɽɽȣͷ棬ƽĴ 
磬һ˿ظڱĴأһԴͻ 
еķѩĴܣһƬɣҵᡣ 

ʱ뿪Ĵصļ磬Ѿڵ·Ϲڡ 
ĵطңԶ·̾950ҲҪ 
һʱ䣬οعСʵǵǳӴһ̡ 
һѭϴͳĳʥߣ뿪һֱһ 
һĵطʽĻϲûе࣬Ҳκνͨߣ 
ֻǽһЩʳƷصҲһЩʥߣ 
û뿨ϸںܻ 

ЩʥֵõȻ𾴣ÿһ缡ڴ֮ϣ 
еĳ;ϲã᲻ɴ޿ɶҡʵֳʥ롣ڽ 
ѡͳʥʽѾ٣ͨͷɻĳʥࡣ 

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ȥĳط˺ܾһѡպͼڣ 
ʥһߵһСϲеǮλ˭Ҳ 
Ϊ޵ľ񣬷ѾֵĶ򼴽ֵĳƱ 

ɣҮصһ𡢷ɮȫΪڽʥشڣ 
н񡢵̡ڻƿ޲ָḻʷ 
䡣Ϊش£һģӴĲݡʥ 
ʥϼǵڽ飬ûΪʱĺ£ʱ 
ԽʥϵĶڲϵ뿪ǣϲھѰο 
ԽԽ࣬ͨżǵȣȻ鼮Ͳֱӣһ 
ǳʥߵˣҲﲻؼ顣 

߽ɣҮ£ߵ˲ش̵ľԴͷ 

ɣҮºܴԶԶӽ磬ԴֵĺһĿȻ 
¡¡ޱ޼ʵ¡ԺĲ֡ݺʽ 
շ𾭡ǧ硱Ĺ淶ɡڻ˲ءӡ 
ɣҮµҲĹ 

վӴԺΧǽڶĽȺ͸ʽİ 
ᦡ󡢾֡졭۸ӵľͻȻ״ɫʣ 
ǵصľǰһӶֽšҺҵͬߣվɣҮԺ 
ǽ¥֪￪ʼ֮á仰˵ɣҮµͣעֻ 
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˹̵һʱͷɳۻĽк 
ƣּ֤ϵż֮һ濴йؽ 
ϸڣǵĳУͱƵ߾ݺ 
ӹ̣ʹʧȥԭԡ¥ʱһЩ 
ʱܿ 

ͬߴҴҽδһԺܱ߻εһȺת˾ 
ҵԺһƬžҲκˡξҫ 
̽Ľ𴱡۴αȵķɫʹŵķ׷ͳ˵Ĺ 
âҡҵľ档ֻʹֳɵݣ̻ԻͣΡ׳ۡ 

Ҷվܿδȫòĵط𺳡 

һ紵˰ɽϹľԶƮȶ 
ĳ򣬲ϴӰͷɺͽ䡣оӳμƷķ 
ﴫǿ̳ɹ¼ڴ˵ǰƶĽŲ 
ʦ䳪ԽԽֱ쳹 

һλϰվδǽŵһ¾ 
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˹ȥ˲վ1231ǰ 


ɣҮ£һֻ˵ 

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˵ʮߴɵױдɣҮµĽʷĽ 
ذʴʯǲдҺʹˣûκ壬 
ļֵʵݣѧȥࡣɣҮºͳɵ޵ĹѪ 
ԵǲʵΪطĳء͵һ 
աʮ޸ɲʷϲơʦ𡱣ַ𷨵Ĺ 
ΡáĻڽ̵ʷȡõĻԻͳɾͣǼ 
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ެ˳ɵʱڣߡÿǰ٣ 
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ڽӦǴȱݵģ˽ʷѪȺɱ¾ 
ڽʷҪݡӹ˽̫˸ϳҮ·俪ʼ 
ǻ۵Ⱥ2000꣬ʮ־ҹ½ 
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ٲʤ١һһĹУںû˽ 
ãǾ޾ĿѺʹֱ죬вٵڽ˵ 
УʱкХӵĻζѪȣȱʧΣ 
ֹκμ󡣻ܶڽˣǿ 
޹أֻǻװĵҰġ 

һδվſڣһδγɲ 

Ԫ779꣬ɣҮʦʽɡɵ޴ 
ʣֽ׵ĹʦͼŻľϣ 
λغ𷨵Ĵʦһΰ㹻𾴡ɽ´Ͽ 
峺Ʈɣïܵɭ̵ֺĲݳһƬƽľ 
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˽һЩطչʷɲŮϣܲԶŴ˵ʼ 
ʦ̲ɣ̣ڿʹʦ³ɣƽ̣һֱ 
ʱڡطкܶϸڣ˰侫 
ԶԶԽʴڡ 

ȱٻڽ̳ʶԷǹ˽ⲻ࣬ڲι۾ʱ 
һֻͣ谲عԼܹ⣬Ȥ˽Ĳݡ 
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֣ܶʥ顢ϡƷЩͷˮ 
ΪǶԵʡϵʷȱ㹻˽;˺ 
Զ·˹ϵĳ䲻Ϊʥȫֵøʱ䣬 
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żĴھһְҪġ 

ɵȡ˸ޣƱ̹⵽ 
ĽѵȨ˼ֳݱ̵ĹȴᲴӭŻ 
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ڣ⵽ĻٻŴӡӭ˾ͨʦ 
뷨ڷħа˶ػӵ𻤷 
˳ɣҮµĽ衣 

ެڴӱ̸Ųش̵ıУܹʲôĿѺͱǨ 
ҿķΧЩܸııͽ̫˵걻 
ԼӰһ˵˲رԶ뿪ԼĹ硣Ը 
ڵıɮҲֻö·ģڰͿĴΣȱ 
Զ̡Ϊֱγɱµķй 
ʷɵ֮ĺĲաܯޡܯ޵ 
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һˣڽʷ̽ԴߣרѧɣҮºǲͬ 
شķչУγ˲΢ʷĻ;䣬֮ 
ɱ𼰸ַ֧ķ׷ӣרоһҲԸȫ 

ʦδ¥áֵ֪˿ܺ 
١ض롶öȡ硣Ȿ飬 
ʦ1200ǰصľ䡣ҴӴƽԭԽظԭ 
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ʿڷʷϣΰĴɾ֮һص伮أ 
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ʦһϰӷ𷨡ѧϰ뾭Ҫܾɲģ 
Ժڵչڼҡɮƣ춨ط̵Ļ 
ش̣ɣ̣ʦʥҲǲش̵ľԴ 

ڡڷڹιۣȻ־ĬҲ 
һĹʦ֮ϣֳֽƣ̬徻ǣԡ 
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µĽáۺ£˲ͬĽ񡢵ߺͳ裬 
һͬԣǳһֱáһԵĴڣԽ 
ϵżԽǿͨһЩεʴݵġ 
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Ǹڵϣ˫ֺһֻӽ̸ 

ҿĳڴϿշ衣ͬվڹ㳡ϣһ˴ 

ɣҮܱ߻вٹϵĲֿϵľʥУ 
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ϵķ嶣졣Զ߽㳡δ 
󣬱콵Ļƻ裬档 

ԶеΧǽ£һȺҡžڻߡҲ֪ǲ 
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һҹ԰ߡ۾ʱ̫Ѿվڹɽͷ 

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绯ֽ䣬ҵĻֺһеĴڡ 

ú󵱡˶ᣬ԰׷ѰĿʱԶ 
 

ҲʷĻ̽Դߡѩǰҵĺҹڷ 
¶ҵһŬΪ˵ֿ䣬ýӲƸһ 
޵ӺǱͺʱһ⼣߰ߣԲӵ 
޸ɲ뿪˶Ѿ1400꣬ŵҵǨ 
ڵ·ϵıк⣬Ҳ޷ůʫʵڽĳɹ 
ѩϵһɽϣܹ߶ŵŲ಻ľ 
顣 

װҵ磬˶۵ڶߣСڲֿ 
װҲѩ棬ֻԼһһׯ 
աһֻӥͷӰ룬ԱѲ 

ƷʽķӣѱʯͷǽˮǶʽկȡɢƽԭϡ 
Щסʵķݣҵݲİͬʹͬĵ 
տͬĵӽĿͬۺӵĽ;ҵ⣬ֻҾסĵط 
ûжѻĲ̺Ͳݶ⣬ܵѩɽͻԭɢҲ͸ǰݺ 
˵ߣûоᦺͰʱ̸ο顣 

ÿһˣҵͷʾ⣬Ѻá 

һȺŮͶͯѩϣڲĹܣҵľͷ 
׷״ӻͳ˫һӶ¶˵΢Ц׿Ӧ΢Ц 
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ʵ䡣мһһ׿Ĺϰ 
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һǧٴε׿ꡣҲ׿꣬ҽķΨһܹ 
˵ķ׿ꡣ׿Ů˼һظԭ 
֣֡ıѩɽԭмͼ 
ÿնѻһέɽٺʬͷ 

ˡŮͶͯ㼯һﻷƲĹתתƻ裬 
ת꣬Զ׷ʱǰķǶԾӣ 
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Ҵ뿪˷ãͷҵͬվڲؾǰ˵þ 
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˴档úӹȸĵϸϢţɽԭӹʳ 
棬ȸպʹ֮õͻȻǹһжڷ 
Ĺػ£еȷƽȵڽ 

ҪѰ׿ȺʼһҵԼָ 
һֱڴķ󣬲µǣԶһе 
ȷ֮ϡûĲԭһ˵ձԶĵط 
Ⱥɽ࣬ѩżţѩԭߣ˲ʧˣӲݳ 
ᶨƵԵִĵط 

ҶһԶ˹·źĻѩƹܼô壬 
ĵҰ͹żũ·ְ΢ЦǴ 
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ֻһĴһһ͹Ķţܵ 
ʽʤԸЩͶ»رߣ˳ͨ 
ڵ̵ЧȾܣ󱳺ܱܿҧѪɡ 
ѾѼᣬǣҽ·ӡ 

˲ĸСʱżѵѩɽ£ͼҲ 
֡ɽµѩԭΪӰں˯ 
վĵط߸ԶԸӹȡˮϴ㴿ûһ 
˿ƣɾĿȻͨ泩ããѩҰ 
һһѩɽȱ˴˶ྻҴԵ֪ 
ʷںӹйϿͻŬչǵ 
úӰ죬ǵӰ͸ʧˣҲū 
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ѹȣжٷжٳޣжѪȣϮʮ 
أǰ800꣬ҫͻԻͣʧܺʹһࡣЩ 
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ûиɣݵļڣ׿ںԶĵطɽˮ·գ 
ûп޷ۣҲûǧۣȻҲ׿Ⱥ 

ѩɽЩ׵Ĵ̣²˺ܶ꣬ȻһҾƣע 
ǿ߽ձˡ 

ĿҫɽԭȵأضԶϡɼ 
سɽвȱǽ¥ȥµشһ䣬 
֪ǵ¥ɽԭصѩܿͻڻ 
ԭס 

ɽϣû˵ҲҲ֤ܵݡ׿Ⱥֻһ 
һңԶԶ 

ѩʼڻʱ뿪ɽϡ 
 


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