                           ˿µϣ20121015գ

12.10.15, ˿201210º
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ʵ塢Ʒܡʮʹáꡢ֡䡭ֵǣЩ
м䣬һһӢġnumber one׼ҾȡΪʲô
ΪйĽڣľȻ˵ñĸ׼ȷأⲻѧϰ̬ȵ
⣬ʲôأй֮ĽĿ˻Ӧöⷢһۡ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס


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һϵҹȻƵһСС
ҹݻƵҶ㱻һŵشˣʱͣеĻơƩ緭
飬Ʃ֯һëµȵȣȻƫͷȥ־۾ӣ
·ĬĬĸǱߵȴǲ֪ǽжģأԵƮ
ָСģĳ͵͵桰ϤϤؽһʪֽš
ɣǼСʱǵˮ㽫һ͸ˡ

ΪѲ죬ҹ㲻߰·˿־෴
ʱϵҹȴԵôʺʹݣһӣż
ͣһȻϼšϵҹ񵭶
һƺ쳾ߣһгˮ԰
㽫еĺҹеϼΣʱԲעһͷ
һӾʹʪĶ

һЩǱϢˣ˹شܻһЩ
ҹشĵң̶Уǹһ
ůůڣ߻һЩ˾ͻʱƣ
δɫξԵһȦҹĵˮա

Сҹ꣬˾ҹ춯ȴҲޣֻҹ
Եÿտ;ˣʱϸһ˿һ˿Ӹߴ׹
ĶȻֱ䵽ϣǵֺǶ
󺣣һ˴ִֵǺѰӺģǵݶƬ
ֲͬˣʱͻᷢ൱öһ罭
СͿζϷֶľ
Ͱ߹޵ϰߣļſҲôһֻǱᷢԶ
ӣɮڶ

ҹ̴٣һҲʧȥߣʱĳ
ѱһҹشҹʣʱ
һ»߼аŸո¶ǹαܿˮŢ˫Ų
ģȫҹĺôŵˣģЩԣһ
ȥ㡰֨һͬҹǳĻβϡŻŵ
ݿȴһι¾δεҹһͻȻص㲱ѣ
һ飬㲻ҪһСɶϸܵļƤ


˹ȻŵĹ

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ͼŵɽط߾ϣʿµڣ1200
ɽı´ǵ¹һԵλ¼ˣյ
Ľڣֻסʱ䣬ҲĽԸ⻨һʱ
ǰȷǸ˵ʤأҶĺĺ
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ʻԼĪһСʱɽ´µĿնͣСÿ³
󣬾ֱߵСȥȿȡҲԸԼ͵ȥɢ
ĺɽɫ

ûз磬ҲûгеˮƽһӣԶƺ죬ˮ
ˣɽͣƻơһȺٿĻˮ棬΢΢
ˮӹת˲֮ѾɹɽͣӰּŮĿ
̽ߣ̽Ⱥİ˵ĵϸû㱨ǵˡߵũᣬ
¶ɫݶӳˮеĵӰֱһ˿û
иζһЩߵˣҲûйεƤԲľɵģʹ˸о
˹ĺۼҲʤصڴȻı
ڱֺͷ˴Ȼơ¥ִʩȫ
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Ƭ̵Ϣּ;ӹȣعУ
СУһϵĴã˶³֮󣬾
ȥǴͷʽ
ƣǽҪö࣬Ľʽȸʽļⶥͯ
ɫʣȻΰ˿ûѹ֮УǱСˣʵֻ
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滭͵Ʒˡǽ裬ʥͽǵ񣬻
ԶĿ˼ȫޱ飬£ڽ
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ģһ궯ֱһ߾Žɣǰʱ䡣
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ڳǱĻǺӡһ빬ĴţҾͷ֣¥԰޴
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ԵֲľҶɵġڳߣּС·֮С

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ʮһ꣬ͻȻڹһˮˡܻӾΪʲ
ôôǳˮһաġȴ
ˡԱ߿͵йֵ¶ļƷҲ˳Ʒ

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;ŨڽɫʵС̲ס߽⻭ȥһƬУʯ
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¹Ŵ⣬ԺضŶõϼҼһ
⿪֣ţĴ϶Ŵ裬ۺ̵һƬ̵
ǽϣҮʮּѵĻСľ̵۵
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˺ܶˡǵϵۣϵ߲ǾͶھڽ
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ʱ֣ǵǳʻһ·ϣһζһš룬
Ȼ谢˹ɽ⣬ǾıĹŴĻʩŨ
ĵطɫԼࡢܵķʩΪʹĶ
ʤأ˸ܵŷ޳ܼĺɽɫص
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1920괺֮֮ڵһŶӪһžҢһӪ
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С輸һѿκİȦΣʱرҪõѣѧ
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䷿Сһ䣬ҲǳԼδ˽һ䡣
һŴһıڹһ̨ƵĴͷ⣬ֻдͷͱ
֮һ滨ľСԲԲɫһͼֵƣע
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һźʵӣܱ֮Ϻ̲ҾУʮ
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֮൱ϧÿ󶼻һ޲
ȵȫÿҲòһΣһȾͭӳ
űóı˵һûκͬº֪
⼸Ϻۻᡢȼ٣һʱֵų
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Ϻ򵽵ģҲͬѧѴӹƽൺۣ
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ҷ˹˹İƷСԵĪصK626Ʒ
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ֹٱˣֱܷÿ汾ϸ΢𡣵֮
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β֮Ҫ֪֮ÿҪŰ˯ضһ
ҪʧǾ̬ͽ
˵ˣйɥİ֣ҹҹ˯ĵο
֮Ҳʲôͽ

֮ȷʵǻͽȻڽ̻ѧν̣ûҪҮջ
ǰ֮ոմӱƽϺʱֵ÷꼾ڣͷʹ1920
ǴսˣһС鵯ƬǶԿҽûȡһ
ͷʹǰʹò̫أ̾͹ȥˡ֪ڱ
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ʹϵõĹʱµøˣͷҲʹˡʱͻȻĹ
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ԿǾȻһҲʹȥνãֻҪһ
Կʹһ鵤ҩƵģʹͻ漣١
ǣҧгݵػǮⲿͽŰƬ
ȻÿʱúСӰ쵽ھӵϢرҹ
ɾʯϵȪߺҹ¹һ
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ͷ˼øĲѧϵĶԱȣԼĸܡ
Щ˼ЩζϣҲΨ塣һֱ룬ΪһͷͲ
ʹˣǲÿųƬһΣЩΪЩȥĻǱ
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ǣƩЩǹµǭֵԼ
ɽͷǣӾ꣬μӹٴս봨ǭ
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ϵ˲˵ǧһٺеİͷʹ׶ǲЩԩǾ
Ľðǣлʿһˮ½һ
ǾҲˣЩ뷨Ȼдģ֮
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ʧܵԭڣֲֻᡣҹʱȻ
Щȥ飬Ҳο˹ԿǺ顣й
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λֿɷѸ˵ʶúܣԼһȥӺϡ
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ԽҶȸ˷ܣǿһСʱɽ˺ȵ
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ĵ㣬˵˴µúܴܣڽ
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͸һŰĹΡʱͣЪعⷵһһ˲١
֮СĵһŽŲŢ͹ʯ飬İƤЬմ̫
ཬæ͵п˿ܸɽĴ䡣ֻܿһܶ෿
ݶԼĺɫǰһףźջľ
һ߽һأ˫ˣ
Ӱ˸߾ͷˡջǰ֮һһϵĺɫ
ͻȻǳ죬һһ벻ˡ

ϰ˿ˣæӹ̨ܳսݵĴϴ
˵شкҵϸӴѽЩûˡϴ˵а
˰ɡϰ˵ɲϴ˵Ҷü̳ʲôòҲ
óһ󣬽뼸λػ°ѳӸ֮
Ϳˣջũͨ񷿵ĸ֣Ĺңû¥壬Ҳû
װڣݺͨ߰Σ˷ƣʹáĿ
ӦںԺϹһյСúƣâ䣬ҫͬ
硣º֮ѾһڿȾơǸ꣬
κεطֵصκũûʲôͷͺʪģ
ȻŽݲá

ϰܿ޳һӺòˣ̳ҶࡣǺþƣ̳Ʈ
㣬Ǻòˣ֮ʮûԵţֱʿˮ
ʱ֮ͷʹѣͲȾˡֲϴ
룬ơ룬ͷʹҲܺú˯һϰ
˾Ʋˣϴ֣ع̨ȥˡҾɵһ
ʱ֮ӹ̨𡶽βֹţǻһ
ǽɤݳġܾ֮棬ɽҰСջϰ徹Ȼ
ӵһ̨֮޿ײ룡ȥ̨󿴿ϰ
ʲôӣԼղЩƬϴѾõڶƣھ
룬Ҳֻþ

ҶڴߺšɸɸɡԻݵ诲ɤ޶ԡ
ȸһ̳󣬴ϴˮָصˮ;Ʋȥʣ˼
ȡڶ̳Ʒʱ֮ͷʹˣʵڲٺˣžƴǡ
ϴɫã㵽Ϻ˻ˣɽ˵
״̬ǰգǷ岻ʣ֮ͶԴʵ棬˵ǰ
ʱԿܹˣһ鵯Ƭûȡһͷϴ֮
˵ǰ̹һȤ˵Թѽ
ǽ̵°ɣǺȣ֮Ѿȵ΢һ
ʹᶽ游һֱϪ֮սʱϴ
Ϫ

֮˵ǵġʱӪϪפľƺ塣 

ϴ龪ȵ˵ʲôʱǸڽվ
ʣɽ´ɣ֮һɽ´ԭ֮
˱ƽĵܵʵĸ߹˵
ϵ֮ЩĪ˹ĵ˵طƺЩ
졣ʣǰҲ֮˵ͷ˵벻
ˡԿһʹˡϴһ֮䣬˵
Ϫľƺ壡

֮ѿڶ̶֣԰ɣһˣ
ڻ̼ҵǽԺڣջҵľַϽġ꣬
֣̼ľƺĴ󻧣ԺҲ󣬲פʱ
Ǽָľƺĵʮ죬ͻȻžҢһӪ
Χ磬ڸ֣̼һԷ֮ͻ
ȳ꣬ȥԺӵ²֪ˣյƺϣಡһһڵ
ڻ̼ҵݶϣŵڶڵˣ֮æȥ
ը֮Ͳ֪ˡʱѾֻ˵
Ӻͻ̵ĸĸɽèըˡû̵֪ȥ

֣ɰͰ͵˵ĸṳ̂ϳʣ
˵꣬ÿһҶɲΪ˵ɣ
ôҼϲ֪ˡģ㻹Ҽġ

ϰæ̵ܹ֣ı۰֮˵ȶˣ
طϢ֣һƿϰ壬ֲԽ·¶ڶϵһ
ڣʲôþ͹Զ㡣ϰ˻ص
̨ȥ

ϴ󿴲ˣվس֣˵
ܽģˣȵģȴҪ֣Ц
һ˵ҵȵĲ٣һڵҲġҪ
ǿҼҵҸͲǱܹڵľ
ƺһʮ໧˼ң˭Ҳ䣬Ҽˣǽǲ
Ҹģ

̴֣СϰγڣƵض֮˵
Ҳȹһǹƽؾɡˣȹ㣻ˣ
͸籨˳ƽɣ

֮һֱͷʹԺģξ̡ڵϪ
ӡľƺ塣ըӡꡣ֣ҴԺɽ
èͷ֣塣ս֪¡Ρ֣ڡԸ
ηѪһһʣһĻĻ󣬷ͷ
ϵúתݶҲת֣˵ģ̾仰ɣ
ҿ㲻

֮˰ͷǰǿԼ򶨣ǰÿδս
ǰ̿дǰҪԿһһ˼֮ҡͷ
Ϊھ̵ܾ֣ľ롣ϴʧ˵ֵܣǰԹô
Ҳ˵ֵܣΪϵһƱᵽ游֮
עһһѹһɽע뵽ģ֣
˵ûǹõɡʱһӲĶŹϣһֱû
˵ɽ˵ȥɡһסǹѣоһȫˡëɪ
ǹ1912ͣ7.63ھľհѣϺ
ǰѼǹһ֪ϻѹӵպƷǹ
ʵĲֵķ

֮ǹȥʱȻͷʹѣҧǿ֧ס
ҡҡ׹ûĵءķǲڱڽѪģ
ûǡ֮͸ˣȻľǲɱģ
֣̣ҲǻӵĶӻСǿĻɱÿһ
˵ĺ벻ˣһ˵ϺѪԣ
һ˰֮˵˿̾Բǻ¡֮ǰŸ̤ſ
ŻûͻȻ˰ɣͳ滺һ
ˮһؽԿûĪصK626Ʒ
ϰôаƬʡɽô
ëɪǹһ֪ߵĿյʱԿǿ϶
һ˿ʹˡ

ź֮ѷ磬ɢҹտģŰֽƵ
£ڶɽ֪ʱҹǰˡǹһ
ëɪǹͷѣᶨˮݷϸĿյ
ȥƮ׷ĽŲֻҪٵһС
ܳеߺߡ

2012-7-16賿Ͷ


Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס


ĮԹ

·

һ

201110135ʱ30֣㶫ɽϺǣ2ŮС
ñײ7ڣ18·˾һ˾һ
ʰİ̾𣬵8ȥ¼󣬹˷׷Ǵ·Į
ȡרҳ˵·˵ġĮʵѧϵġ
ЧӦ¡

ԹЧӦbystander effectѧһʣָǣ
¼ֳԹߵĴڣΪܵƣܺߵò
ֳԽ࣬ǾԽԹۣܺ߻ðĿԾԽС
ΥͨΪڳԽ࣬ܺߵõĿԽ

ԹЧӦĵԴ1964귢һ׮ıɱ

1964313賿3㣬ŦԼ28ŮӼ١ŵά˹Kitty 
GenoveseԼסһֵͽϮ̳35ӣ
Ůӵھӵע⣬һ룬ܿ۷ף
ɱݱ38ھĿô£һ˳򱨾

327յġŦԼʱͷ汨£Ȼ󲨡
ںýչ˹ĮĴۣһۼҲվۣ
Ϊ˰Ҫ壬ĮѾΪеһڱһ
Įᡣý岻ȾԽԽ󻹳һ顣

ЩѧҡԼJohn DarleyͱȲ
ΣBibb Lataneע⡣ой¼ı
ڲͬĽͣ˰ŵά˹ԭǡǡΪھӶ38
Խ࣬ԽûȥܺߡΪαɢˡ

ѧұϾǿ´µۼңԼĽͣ
žʵֽ֤͡ѧϰδ֤ĽͳΪ˵



һЩŦԼѧѧԡչʵ
Ŀġʵ߸ЩѧΪ˽ǵĴѧʵĹ
ǣÿλѧһ໥֮ʵṩͨѶͨ
װÿֻһѧѧĽÿѧ
2ӵĽʱ䡣

ʵ߰ѧΪ飬Ǵֲͬʵ¡ʵ
Ĺؼڡһѧֻ֪һ˽̸飩
ѧ֪ǽ˽̸飩ѧ֪
ǽѧ̸飩Ȼʵߵġƭʵ
ϣÿֻһѧΪıԣ¼

ʵ鿪ʼ󣬱Ȼһڽ̸һЩԼĴѧ
ȻᵽԼﲡʷѹʱ׷ֵһѧ
ڵһУֵԽУһЩѧ
һֵ֮һѧʱͻ¼ˡ
áѧʼþ͡﷢϶طһЩȵ
ҵҪ衭ҪһЩԸҡ
Ҫˣ

ͻ¼ıԻĲͬӦ

ʵǣڳʱְĸʴСһ
飨飩85%ıʵʩ˰Ϊ뿪ڵķ䣬ʵ߱
飨飩ֻ31%ıôԲȡжķӦʱ
Ҳ죺һƽӦʱ䲻һӣӽӡ

ʵʾṩĿԣṩļʱԣ
šڳѸٵݼλѧҰԹ
̬ơơԹЧӦ

ΪʲôأеĻ֮һǡɢdiffusion of 
responsibility

ͻ¼ֻԼһڳǾͻеԼаܺ
Σڳְܺߵξͻɢȥð
߲ܺԼһ˵ΡڳԽ࣬ɢԽڳ
Խ࣬ڳÿ˾;ԼְԽС

ͻ¼Թڶ£ÿ˶صȴ
Լڹ״̬ÿ˶ΪѾṩѾˣ
ˣ򽫻ṩҲ˻Ӧṩ
ΪʲôҪյԹߵļĮɱ
硣

Թڶ£ܺߵθɢˣҲܺ
ߵھθҲɢˡ˭Ρձˡ˭ûΡ

ƣûһΪԼ˺֡˼



ˡɢûԭԹߵĮأС¼
УСòǱԹΧۣ18·߹ԣɢЧ
ƺԣΪʲô˳أ

һϵʵ飬ҳԹĮԭԹ
߽루bystander interventionģ͡ӽ¼
뾭̣κһδ㣬Ϊڣ
һ·ˣһǱڵİߣ̣

ȣע⵽ڷ¼ڸ·
飬·ӵ֣ôܿܲע⵽Χ¼Ƶ
Ͽ߹Сߵĵһ·˾ͺܿûпѪеСŮ

Σ¼жΪע⵽¼֮龳
жϣʲôҪҵİ

ʵкܶ龳ģġȷġһ˺·ߣǺ
ѾˣһŮ¿Ǳ˻ʧˣͻ
Ȼðй¶ŻˣļǿЦ˱Ϯ
ˣ

жϣܾǷ¼ûϲΪ
¼ζԼС֣Һ޴ֺѿͱЦ
ΪԤԽǡanticipatory anxietyһ£Ȼ
ŮѯǷʱȴ㡰Ҹպѳˡ
ߵٳ⣬׼ֹϮʱȴֱڿЦ᲻
ΣǺԼӦȣԸ顱ǻ᲻ɫֱ
ȷжϡǾжʱ䡣

޷жʱͨΧ˵ΪǻῴΧ
˵ķӦжǷǽûʶΧʵҲ
ڲǵΪ͵һȺȺڡ໥۲죬ͨ
˵ıΪжǰȷ֮ǰᱣֲ
ɫǴҶ£ҲûвȡκжǾж
һ

֡ÿһ˶ͨжȻ
ǴҶࡱ󣬽Ԫ֪pluralistic ignorance
һ¼˽Ϊ

Ϊ֤֡Ԫ֪Σһ̡
ʵ顣ʵУڷдʾеıԵһде
һд˻ʶдУ¼
ˡǽϵͨ׽ˡڵУ75%ıʵ߱
γɶգֻ38%ıԱұٶȱȽ
Ȥǣʵ߻˵£ı
ֻ10%ֱ6ʵʱûȥ棬ʱѾŨ
ǿԺ۾ĳ̶ȣ

ôأԭ⼸Уÿֻ1汻ԣ2
˶ʵ߰ŵġжǹʵԵö޷Ӧ
Ǹ汻Կ2˶޶ԣԻ󲻽ӱʱ䣬
հжΪ

оԼΡͻ¼УΨһԹߣ
ôеΡȻڳҲ
Ρ

ģж֪ʶͻ¼㲻֪ô
ȱӦ粻Ӿܲȡж

㻹ҪжԸ룬ע⵽¼Ȼ׼ȷذ
ΪҸеԼжǡ㻹аô
һδء㻹Ҫһжס

֮ǰ᱾ܵؿٺһжҪĴۺͿðķ
ա̫̫ߣܻܿЩۺͷհ
¶ͽĻܸ汻ߣǸϾ
̫Ļø㣨С¼оָ°̵ľ˷ʽ⣬
ܼСõ߽˿޴

ģ

ԹĮȫ緶Χڵ˴ı硣

2010꣬42ӢŮʿɡFacebookɱԣǧ
Ϻ˱ֱվ壻2008꣬һ
·Ա߰ԼĶӻ˵ļˡѼ·Χֹۣ
2007꣬һйС﹫ץС͵ͱ10Χ˿Թۡ

Ǵ޼£ֻпѧоܸ֪ˡԹЧ
ӦǾӦŬΪƷ

ܺߡ¼㼱ʱҪ˷˼
¸ҵȡ˵ע⣬Ȼȷظ߶Էʲô
Ҫ˷ȵȺָһ˰㣬ȷӦ
ʲôԣҪĳɱͷգĹǡ

Թߡ¼㲻ȷʱҪ𡰶Ԫ֪
Ŭ˷ԤԽǡҪʱҪ뵽ɢ
ΡӦԶֻԼһڳʱһȥж

Ȥǣںܶ2007꣬Ǿ֤1964ǳıɱ
ʵǼ߱󣬼ŵά˹ھӲû38;Ҳ˱Ҳ
ΪЧӦ¼ΣȻȴŵؿ
ѧһҪоǿΪ43ǰǳĮɱ˰ȴ
Ʒʵ֤ʵԹЧӦ
                    

Ρ÷ɭΪʲôܷǩ֣

ˮ֡

Ρ÷ɭսʱҪ˼ҡμңҲǸȨ
׫дˡΪܾܷǩ֣ԭĹ
׳Ǻӡ÷ɭĴǷǳ٣֪ĵ뱾ûС

ͬʱڵԺ˹ܸѷݵĶԣʷ
Ҫļ֮һеĺܶ˼ʵڸȨ˵
ԱȸȨĵһͶԵĵԣ

Ȩһ

1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and 
have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state 
of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their 
posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means 
of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining 
happiness and safety.

һ˶ͬģĳЩ츳Ȩ
һʱǲƾκԼЩȨҲ˵
ɵȨȡӵвƲ׷Ҹ밲ȫֶΡ

Ե

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

ΪЩǲԶģƽȣ߸
ɲɰȨаȨȨ׷ҸȨ

ǿԿּһޣֻܸѷĲҪõö࣬
ҶԵʷλ޿ǾͼˡϸϸȽ
㲻ѷֶĺܶ˼붼ԨԴڸȨ

÷ɭҲΪȨܷǰʮͨŬ
˵ȨʵǴӸȨݻģȨ
ѷ÷ɭӰ죩÷ɭȨȨְܶ
̵˼ӢѧԼˣJohn Locke˼γ˼Ϊ
ҪӰ졣

ôΡ÷ɭΪʲôܷǩ

÷ɭ֮ǰݹܷʱĵһݣ
÷ɭıȻǽ1787ѳǵܻ÷ɭҲ
زۡȻҪǩֵʱ÷ɭȴܾˡ

÷ɭԼ˵ԭһΪⲿܷûȨ
ҲûȨһ̤Ȩǿ÷ɭ
ǸȨߣһ츳Ȩ֧Ȩ޵ġ
ʱʵڷɣanti-federalistܾһûȨ
ܷǩֵľٶʵϸһȫһµġ󣬹
ͨѷݵʮܷȨܷĸ߶ϱ
˹ۡڽ̡ƽɡȨȻȨ
֮Ϊܷ֮ѷԼϣ˼γܵ˸ܷ
ȨļӰ죬÷ɭݵġԣ
ѷǡܷ֮ĻΡ÷ɭǲǿܷүү

÷ɭܾܷǩֵĵڶԭūйأȴȽϸӡ
ȿһ÷ɭԭ

The augmentation of slaves weakens states; and such a trade is 
diabolical in itself, and disgraceful to mankind; yet, by this 
Constitution, it is continued for twenty years. As much as I value a 
union of all the states, I would not admit the Southern States into 
the Union unless they agree to the discontinuance of this disgraceful 
trade, because it would bring weakness, and not strength, to the Union. 
And, though this infamous traffic be continued, we have no security 
for the property of that kind which we have already. There is no 
clause in the Constitution to secure it; for they may lay such a tax 
as will amount to manumission.

ūݣֽױаģĳ裻ǣ
ⲿܷʮꡣӸܹͬ
ֹֽףҲøݼΪǼǿ
ߣְĽ׻ҪĻ޷Ѿӵеͬ
ĲƲעūⲿܷûıΪǿͨ
˰ūĽšתJonathan Elliot (1836), The Debates in 
the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal 
Constitution

λǿԿ÷ɭʵᵽԭ򣺵һܷû
ֹūףӷ޽ںūڶܷûбūвƲ
ѾӵеūӵһƺԵõ÷ɭǷū
ĽۣΪõˡа񡱡衱ūס
ȴ˵ֽ׻ʹ޷Ϊ˽вƲĺūΪܷ
ֱпͨ˰ֶȺūӵ߽ǵĺū
ĿȻźūһõ飡⾿ôһ
أ

÷ɭڵĺܶһҲӵкūֲ԰
Ƿѳܻӵкūˡǵֲ԰ʱ
ֲͳ̲Ϊġ̲һַǳԴֲֲ
ʹ÷ǳƶ񤡣ڽǰũҵѾʼתơ
ϲ븥ǽӽϱɡǵ𽥳Ϊ޻ֲء
һֺܷ˹Щݵׯ԰ҪͶū
Anderson, Rowley Tollison 1988Journal of Legal StudiesϷһ
ƪΪ "Rent Seeking and the Restriction of Human Exchange"Ѱ
׵ƣģָ÷ɭֹͨūԼӵ
еĺūļֵڽеūףһУ
ʵеƷ֯ƷũƷڵ߱޶£仰˵÷ɭ
ʵܷͨʩóױֻҪģԼΪƲ
ӵеĺū

Ƕ÷ɭƺһֻάԼͱײ
˽ҲˣòȻطԽںūⲻֱһα
Ӧô÷ɭأ

ǲʷʵʷAnderson˵Ȼʾ÷
ɭܷɣ÷ɭʱҪǡūΪӵׯ԰ṩ
ǡūϸ˵ƪĻֻһ
˵δҵ֤÷ɭԼᵽԼԺūƶȵޡ
ūƵ۰Slavery discourages arts and manufactures. The 
poor despise labor when performed by slaves.ū谭ҵ
ķչͶūʱ˾ͻ"Every master of 
slaves is born a petty tyrant. They bring the judgment of Heaven on a 
country.ÿһūһǸҴͥ
СЩǿᵽūƵԵġ÷ɭҲ
һӽеĺūᵼϲֲ԰õıֻ
мׯ԰ǵūûзɱĻЩūܻܿᱻ
ׯ԰ץȥٶūơô߳أ÷ɭû
ҵһеķūƶʷһϴ۵㣬
÷ɭʢ١ܸѷȿԪѫΪйǿҵĵºϵ
ʱǶǡڡ˵ƶ

һ棬ʹ÷ɭܾܷǩһϾ
Խںūֻԭ֮һ÷ɭҪܷȨְ
˼ǷǳհԶġ㷺һЩ÷ɭݸܷȨ
֣ܵ̽Ϊƶȵγ˲ĥĹס

÷ɭ겻֪ܷܲǩһôǧŵ顣
ԼԼͬ¾ǲԸǩ֣ʹǰһ
ݼʷļǿǵʱޣҲòԭ


÷ɭŮһζģϣҲ
пԹܿϸ磺

 I charge them on a fathers blessing never to let the motives 
of private interests or ambition induce them to betray, nor the 
terrors of poverty and disgrace, or the fear of danger or of death, 
deter them from asserting the liberty of their country and endeavoring 
to transmit to their posterity those sacred rights to which themselves 
were born.

Ը׵ҪԶҪ˽ҰĴʹȥѡ
ƶĿ־ΣպĵֹʵԼҵ
ɺͶԺʥȨ


йػͿЩĹʫ

ʱꡤ

7ºš˿¿лͿЩĹʫһģ̲
סд֡ƾºоٵļ֣ͬŶʵͬ
ƽˮзͬϲ

ݡʯͷǡ

ʯͷϣۿָʤأΨɽڡ
죬֣׹Ƿѩһϱĥٺܡ

ͬ

ʵڡ롰Ρְֵͬ䡷ϡΪ
Сϲġʮְֵ䡷ϡϻᡷ
ΪСգϲȥġ


Ÿҹ黳

ϸ΢簶Σɶҹۡ
ǴƽҰӿ
Ӧϲݡ
ƮƮƣһɳŸ

΢Σͬ

΢롰Σͬ΢ְֵ䡷ϡΪ޷С
ޱϲƽġ΢Σְֵ䡷ϡΪΪ
Сϲƽġ֧

¬ڡζݡ

ƿԶǣǹ·һճ̡
ֿ֪˾ҹ
޷ɫĶ
ҵսܱ

ͬĳɡƿԶţǹ·һճ̡Ǻ
ܿüأΪҲδܿü¬νƿԶǡ
ΪԡԶ֮С

ǡ롰̡Ҳְֵͬ䡷ϡΪС
ϲƽġ˸ְֵ䡷ϡΪֱС
ȻѺϣϲȻͬƽġ˸

˳˵һ䣬ƽˮϽšִˣ峯ˣ־ƽ
ʮԪƽ𣬵һͱѺϡǰл񹲺͹
б׼ڴ˴ˡ

˳˵һ䣬ƾáҵȡáӸȡ
ɽڱƽֵĵط֡ҵܱһĸ֣
еĻƾô̶

ƾΪȻ漰УͬᡣƲʫ
гġ֡ɺ͡顱޴ֶΣƾѡѧһϷԣ
ȻԴֵͬĻᡣ

                     
͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס


ɹεv



1

ϴһ˽աóڵͷ⿴ȥ
ɻ½ţ̵ؿȥ񲹶ɳ㣬С΢·һ
ܴ𡣺ɳЩһĻľһϿգ㼱
Уڴĵңҳɩɩסǿľ

ͷܶڣһͳ˺Ҳȼš
߳ʱ֪Ǹӣֻ룬û׼Ⱥ￴
ɩɩҶݶס

ܿͿ˸硣ǻߴνӻ˼ͭǽڣֻ
˺¶һʮֽţʹûпһ
һֽƣдһԼ֣һŮӸ˵س
ȥʱĽؿһ£ֺܿڵķ򿴡
ǰ磬͸أЦ

ǰ翴ȥһЩ۽ơûа취ģ
СõҲһţȫû
ϴλ粻ˡؿЦдΰ
ǰ٩ôһŶǡҲǰֵģͷһ£˵
ϸ绹ôҰɡȥžԼĲӰҲЦ
Ŷ˵Щΰ

ǴšֹüΣ
ʵɩӾôĳ

ǵҲǸڵ绰˵ϱ˯ˣͻȻ
˵ҪȥߡڵϹģճԺӾײһϡ

µĽѾ֪Ҷݶһ£ͽͨ绰﷢
ɷص绰ʱý°ࡣʱҰƵƵڲƺз
СһֻҰ͵͵ز·泯зȥʱȻҶݶûע⵽
Ͷڳϵľ޴Ӱ·Х㣬ͻȻ߷һƬƴͷ
ѹסբţļµþþƽ

ʱĻֻĺӰҶݶǱײ÷Ȼ
صڵءϹ۶ദ²ѡǸղμӹõо
³ǮǴӸĸŮѼҽġСϱ˾ŶԽ˵
ζģҲˡҶݶȴ˵ζܾСӵ
κ⳥

ٴ̸⳥飬̾ɩӾǸƢ϶
»˼ҵǰ̡

ǵͷȵһȹݻ˸ѣ֮ǰͲˣ
ҲƲ֡һֱ˵ʲôˡȻѣô죬ôҲ
¶ɡɱ˵ˣ绰ûС

ǿųڸٹ·šֱȥҽԺ˵Ȼؼң
㰲һϴ裬ϢϢȥ١

һ󣬽ʣ;ǲҪһ

ѾʮˣǵҲСˡ

Цڶûʱɡ

ҲЦĸ½Ǻ󣬺óʱûлСʱѾʮ
ꡣĸ˵ǵʱǼ˵һˣܰСǿҫи
ƯСá׺ĸԽĵЩΡĸ׺Ҳ˵
ʱʮ꣬µһֶϱҲո˺ӡ

˶˵СʱرϲȴӡģֻǵԼӡ
һǳҪܰյͣԺĺ
ӾҪţΪչβɣ֡뿪ǰ
һԼķ䣬Ŵڶ֤﷢ָǶôϲԼһǦ
ʻǰͽͯĸСʱϲдδͬѧ赽һ
ûͷûβС顶ѩʺ󡷣һһ飬ͰѸ
Ǧʴøһʱʵذ۾üëľֽܵϡһ
ðײޣ֪ʲôʱģëߵͷīˮüëԭ
޵촽һ㵭֡кܶƬڱЩµĹż
ǰӢ˧ĸվšʱȹʱСĺͶ̿㣬
ʱΧÿһǣҲؿŸ磬˵
Цš

߿һ˸ĸԣѵһ־Ըйõ
طͲʵʵĸ׺ġҲйõĳ
УûкľǺ

µһ磬һ˶æŰｭװϾҪ뿪ˡĸ
ȻѹκȦΪʲôҪȥôԶĵطȰĸף
˵뷨˵ȴ˸еسŮȥЩ겻ᣬܵ
̨ʱ֣ţ벻˭ʱǼؿ
šһŮվɬЦš

ҶݶǵŮѡ

ҶݶһһϷͨԼĸȻ֪û
ԾԽ˵㡱ʱֻòػ˾䡰ô
ԸҶݶʮջ𣬳ԷʱҲ˵

ϣǺҶݶ͵վȻˣнһַŭ
ڳ濴ֻ̲סʱѸٵɨһۡÿһΣ
ҶݶĿһ𡣵ȴͬһĥַ붼䡣
ĵҪޣͷţٿҹɫ˵ӡ

ͬǣ˶ϲأҪ̫̽ա
ͻȻ֮䣬ΧƺˣҶһȥҲ̧ͷ
ڵƹͨһԿŮվѰʲôʱ
׳µȹŮӶЦˡֻǶǻӳ
в̾ܿʶǸҶݶ

籧һϣҶݶ˹Ϸϣͳһ
Ѷ๦СһǿڣȻѵݸҶݶҲ˼
һ½ͷ˾дš

³ã㲥ʹһŮ͵ĸ𳵻ʻ̨
Ҷݶ˼ӳ̽ʹ̨֡
ʧʱżһϸ嵭ŵҶݶһѻ
̴ȡ

ԺʵĲϣˣ뱱ԽԽԶΪ
ĹԽԽæÿλرɩɩҶݶ
ĵطǻվ˹ͱɻҶݶվȺ
ﳯ΢Ц龰ǶļȹҶݶЩ
󾹽ȡ˸磬˽мҵ


2

ɩסڶһ߲㡣ϳӿһͨС·ӷ
ͱں档·ľͷվżһǿ
ǽǷǷ֣ſڵ˻̧濴ɫ
¥ӵСϽϣԵʮͻأ棬Сǰô
ӲҲǰһ¿ʻ׺СϣŮɫ
ıӰͱϷĺӡ

¥һεĹ㳡һ޴ԲλڵСС
ָͷޡϴλСսã͸ɩһ￴
Իͺͺģ̲ס٩סһ
ͶǮģҪôܰѻԸ԰ڡγտԣ
Ǿ˵ι𣿡ҵúúÿޣѧ
ô໨Ц찡

߽¥ĶŵԪĸѾšһ³˵ո
ݺò衣ϴٳ⣬Ͱֽסſ
̸̽߳һͷͨ죬ߵÿ̵ߡӵ
һһ⺢ӺһҲʮ꣬ڽӡ
ʹǴ粽룬Сʱɴһڴ˵Ĳϡ

߽ȥһߺĸ죬һߴԸȥĸһֱ
ɩסĸ׵ȻãɩɩȻܴ󣬺ͽ˵ʱȦ
˺üΣͺãɩɩ˵˵죺
ʲôĸȴ߽˵ʲôˡɳϣԳǰ
Ƿһ߿ӣһߺơƣʲôҲû

Ȼ͹ȥɾȴԵûҰһ󣬽ʶҶݶ
ǰڱ߽߱ǽǰЩʻƿȴʲôûУ̨ϵĻҲѻή
һˮ˵̫æչ˼ﵽҽԺӣҪ
ѧϰʵڹ˲ϡΪʲôҸķҡҡͷɩ
ӵƢ㻹֪¶ϲԼɣԹͱķ

˵ţͻȻһ졣æ߽ȥһ֮ӭ
ĸ׸հһŽٺɫģӴڹϣ۾
˵ĶۡԷһƿ͡

ôʡ

ĸ˵ˣʱƿͻʲôˣ
͡

ҪΧȹԼ㡣ĸߵ̨ſڣһС
£һժһ˵Сãûɩӣ춼Ҫˡ

ŷȺʹһ͵ζȻŲɢ룬ر
ͷ³ЩһΡÿΰӻӻҶݶͻ
߽˺ѷĺĴʯ̨ϣҲеϸϸģ
һΧȹϣҶݶŲˣʱ赸
ӯشӳ߳졣˶ǽԵģܲڰ˸Ͼˮ
ˮһһԲڵΪҶݶΪĽӷ
׼˺ܾãĸд֤ȻСʱ

㣬һ콷ƬɣһֻװЩ
һôҽԺѲ˺ҲƤźˡ

һ¾ͷǿЦҲ֪ʹùúá
Ӿʹڲ˷ﺬ˵һ֫ϸȱӪڽӡ
Է𻹺ȴ̻ʣһŵ
һȤʱĻԣô裿ţ
ӣֶŮ˲㡣Ҳ۰ŮͷȻĸ׺ͽ
һơƣԼıӣ˵Сã֪ɩӵĹأÿ
ͷܲϲ͹ݣҪڼӷ硣ʵ۵òУί
ˡĸװѾ۵ı˵Ȳ˼ڣһ˵һĬĬɨ˽
ۡ

ĸ׳һ㣬˵̶ͷ󣬲֪ʲôҲǰ
ôϴƵġ

㣬ǽڵģ˵Ҳһͣǵ㳤
ʮʮʮסôҲʮװɣ˵һ󡣡

̧ͷһ㿴Žԥ죬Űȥ
һͷЦСãҪԵء

ԹǴȥҽԺҶݶһ·϶ôԾ
ҪһҪװ¡Ҷݶ˳ʲô˵
һȥ֪ˡٲԷʱĺȻʧ

Ҷݶסһ䵥˲߽ȥһŮڲǰ
ĻСšСżǾҪվ𣬽ǰڰֹס
ϿȥԱһǳ̵Ĳðɫǽڱ
һЩȴҶݶӳһ㵭űǰĶ쵰
Щס첲ʯֱ࣬ʯ༷ţҲһЩסֻ
ֱȣڱȴԵʮָݣ֦һš۾
ʪ뵽һ㣬Ҷݶȴˡȥѵ
ɩӡ

ǵСýջؼҾ³

ҶݶϸϸؿôһأҲ̲ס
־ᡣҶݶȰСã¸ʯͱ
ȥˡҲǣҲڼҾ͸õ͹ȥСôԶػø


˵һжҪڼʱӣԲûȥ͹ݡСõջ治
ûӣͷʮӶû˼Ƶġ
͵˵£ֽԳЦҶݶģ
ǳԲķûš

Сʱվ˵䡰ҵ濴뿪ˡ

ҶݶСãҽԺҪͷܣ⼸컹չ
͵˵ŻԼߵߡҶݶʽǷ񶼺á
ͷҶݶر˵Сһʱ˵Լϲ
鲻Ǻõġ˵ԼȴģǰΪμӱ
йһЩͬԣһڼʱãȻ
ʧ

ҶݶȤΪû˺йͬˣЦʲôͬԣ
ǻȦһЩл˵Űſ·ǰټϣϧ
ôһ˫ֿ֣Ⱥܴ󡣡

ҶݶСãҶ飬˫ֱϾġǸ˲
ĺӣ֪ʲôԼϲģʲôϲġ񵤵ÿڸٿΡ
滭ΡٿΡΡӢΣһǸˣڵĺ
ѧĶµʲôҵϣ
 

˵ţ𵤵ϸӡҶݶֵСã㵽˹
ԶģǻֻǺײ˵Ҵ
˹ǿ̥㿴ڻǵһʱ
ǰعͷô˵ҶݶĿһʱԹ
ʲôһ֪ġ˵žȥ޿κεҡҡͷ

Ÿ߳סԺѾˡнҹɫҲ
ʱôꡣ

Ҷݶü˵ҲȷʵڽǵҪ´ְȴҲû
С꽭һڻ꣬ǲ֪Ǻȶ˻кܸпڷ
ϾȻ˵ʵǼȵһʽȥֻж
㣬̲ܴﵽϵȻ򣬡ԭ
Ҿ𰡣ԽӢ署ʲô㿴
ɩɩɫСǱ˳ģҶݶһЦ
ӳͷϺݺһ£ҲϹѧģô˵ôЦ
սҲսѵǾͲ㽭ҵ𣿡͵ɴ۾
ȴʵ˵ôΪղ˵˻ʣʲô
εؿԼ£⣬˵Сʱͺһκܣö
ҪˡʣΪʲôҪǵ㿴ѽڲ
ôߣ˵һЦ


3

ĵ죬һ˵Ļһ㶫ƼҸ硣

ǱһġһȽС꣬һֱǸ硣֮
һҶݶɤŴȻǵ䣬˵ʲôڵˡ
һ£Ӿͳüһ͵ͷ̲ס
һ磬ô

ûشһĶӾ֪֪Ǻ
һֱֻϷʱһ˵ùû
ء

ҶЦˣɩɳЩԽ˵ô
֪ĻΪǳ쳳أ

䣬һָֻ̬ȶԽ˵Ǹѵõĺˡ
ĸ׵˸öӡ

ȲþƣȥڿʼС
ˮõذֱʲôдϡر˵Ҳ
֮ˮϲ

˼ҳǸ磬ͷĶȥҰ鲻һ⣬
ɫɫһеҶҲɫɫʲôɫǾ
ƯһһŮˡǸɫҪǸ磬ͲӦ
ս»ݵԽ˵Խ˷ܣаǧĲҵ˵
¾ͷˣרŻʱҶݶܵҾһ

Цһӡ˵ʱ͵͵Цɩ
ӵȻҲüţҡվذѾá
ɩһ仰ʱȴЩݣͽĸҲ˾ƣվԽ
˵磬ⱭһҪȵģҶݶǸиŮˡҲվ
ϡ΢΢Цţ֣һ

ҶݶºͰѹиһ˵޵ڼչ
ӣ˾ڹһ𶯡һԽ˵ʵǰǾְɣ
ڼ￴ϢǴȻûгɹȴһЩý塣и
µļдƪһ־ϣŮԶСĺ䶯
иһ鹹һ籾ΪǾܾϣǼ²Ų֮

ؿŽǣ磬㣬Ӿ磿

ֻĬĬЦš

һпʽλʲô¡˵Ҫȥ㽭ᡣ
㽭ʲôط˵ˡ

ˣ˺ðɽˮ㣬ȻǸȵ㣬имεvµ
طȴǳ˼˵

ŶͽǼͬʱʵ

εv°նڡ־֡дʱڳﷸ˴
ˣɶԹٳǸ᲻¡һ棬иɽ
ǶնҲȥߵɽ۵ҪŸߴ
ͤӣͻȻ룬ȥʲôãҲһͨˣ
ϣͲϣϺͲҲûʲôˡϾ£¾ϡ
һ󣬾ʹˣɽӴ˴ǹ٣һĺ

һ˵ţСã㵽˼ˣһҪȥ
аΪնºǳ㿴磬԰Ѳҵģ
ȴӰˡԲԣǸ磿

˵ָԼͽǰѾϡ

ǽľƶ£˵˵ǰʱ䵽ɽȥˣʲôʤ
ûУĶԼˣܺúһԶٷףƾͱˣ˵˵
ɡ

һˣ̨ɽƽңҴԺŶˣŹء
ŹɽõĵطǸվǶͲܲ˼ţ
ȥԲ԰Ƶģһ˹ĶûССãҲҪȥ
أֻеǶŻǾʫǼѺԹ粻Źء

һ£ʫȥʮȴҲʮֱŤһĶֹЦ
ɩһ£ȵһȣʲô粻Źأǡ
Źء

ڲ͹ݺһǱǴһ˱ȥҽԺĸһҶݶ˵
һжáɴϴȥߡһ̬Ҷݶ
ƣϲϸЦ⡣

Сãʲôʱȥ㽭᣿ʡ

¸ڣһ뿴һ˵ļεv¡˵

ȴһڼ˿϶Ҳεv¡

Ϊʲô

Ϊεv²ڼˣڻݣڹ㶫㶫㽭ⶼĶ
Ķأ

ʣģһļô£

ĸ׶̲סЦˣһļԺأر𰮿顣ǿ
ʱڣѹ㶫ᵽ㽭ȥˡ

Ц£־֡ȷʵмءն±ᵽ㶫
סڻݵļεv¡εvºɽɽȥߵ˾
Ъһͤ¡ˣߴԼԼܿüͤ󣬾ǰߡ
˺þãͤȥǺԶԶҲ߲ͻȻ룬ʵ
վŵĵط羰ҲȥûʲôҲ˵վԭҲûʲô
Եġ뵽һ¾ͽˣתɳɽȥ

ŶЩ֣йҪ϶ģʲô¶
ҪսԼ׷۸ļҲϧ񡮲ǷǺú
ƺĲײĲᡯ ʲôġ

Ц˻ģôˮƽһġŹء 

Ҷݶһֱ۾ס˯ãȻšǱ
ͣһιġֻá֣֣Ǽ
֡Ψ仰ҲΪȤһ¾ͼϣѹ֮㣬
ýѡҶݶͻȻ̾նҲǸͿˣҪǴĻα
ɽϲȥֲ˼ŸԼҸĽڣ

ҪǰձĻдǵұʣҵȴҲֽ
֡Ǹд¡ೢԢӻݡ֣Ҷݶȴ˵ǣ
㲻ҪдˣǼҾС־֡ģдڣһž
·ݡ

ǾҪѻݵġݡдˣҶݶ䣬һΣ
ݵشӽĻһűʣ΢΢Ҷݶһ
ꣿ

ǰǸʶǻдȥż˺ö顣Ǳ
ûҲ֪ʲô¡ʱϲķ棬úÿ
ʫ˳дȥ

ţʲôʫ

Ҷݶԥһ˵֣ 񡭡

ŵڴϡҶݶֻ֣ȴ̰˻ȥ

ʣ裬ʲôѽ

״ĸױ㳯ߣĸ˼ͽе鲻Ըش
ţĵؿһϡĸվһ
󣬽ذѽ߬ס˵ɩû˵ʲôɣûش
˳ȦʪţȻ޹˵СãǴȥɣ
ҽ첻ˡ


4

ҹˣȻ鷿šĸԡﵤϴ裬ʱЦ
ţȥһʱЩңԶ·һ硣

߽鷿ʱЩԾԢҶңԸ
һ˯һһֱţƽʱЩԼĶȥ칫һ
ʱסһ鷿Ĺӣѹѹ
ռǽоװ飬Ҳгľ顣ҶݶѶʮ꣬
Ϸ޵״̬飬ͷ·𿴼Щȥ
ӡ

̨ϷЩɣȻʢشһ
ɫﴹһһСϷһֻɲ豭һ
αϡյֵҹɫôԶӻ
ӵĸ׵˵ЦҲԼԼͻȻҶݶд
ڵ绰˵ĻСãԼһ䡣Ц
͸ǲǱɷַ˯ʱҶݶЦǼ鷿˵
СãĸŮ˲иԼĵطУһСҲǺõġ

ϸϸնµǱ顣

ҶݶǸҲˣǰסӵʱֻһСܣ
ܶյﻹ׺ŷ壬ޣСƿȴֻܷڴ׵
ֽҶݶÿ춼Ҫ鵽̨ɹЦ
ˣôɹ鰡˵ɹ飬ɹӾˣһ
ѧʣ³˵ͳ¿ۣ¶ĸĴ˼¡ҶݶЦ
˵˵ľ󼣬ΪֽһֲġǼ
Ŷ˵ţҲ˵ֲҿ㱣֤һ
Ūһ鷿

ѧҵ󣬽УÿλرҶݶæµչһҴС
ֽӻԽԽࡣ·ӺЩؼգڸ߼ĺ
ľϣֻʽͻ̵ȣе鼹͸Եüȹ
¼㷭ÿһҳ϶Ҷݶıʼ
19837£ꡱ19861£顱ʱǼ򵥵
֣94գYDʮһա
ҶݶԼ뿪Щհ׶ֱĸ׽˯ʱ
Ҫġ

ҹΪʱ˯ạ̃Ҫˮȡÿĸ
OO@@糿ĸ׽е·ٵ
Ե˵ˣԼҪϺˮ糿𴲶Ҫ
鷳̺𣬵ǵҽԺʱ裬һ˵ġӾʹ
˵ͷ

ĸ͵¥ѧʲô鶼ɩ
ɩЩȴѵӡ߽̾鷿һ󣬻
һ񡣿˳صĽŲǲһ˽

ϣŵõǡߵθǰصȥ
˿˵˵಻˼飬һ˽ʮˣͻȻ
Щһ˵һָŶڵϵ顣

˺óʱ䣬ûǱ

˵ˣѾˡ

ʲôѿڶ˭ˣɩдֵģô
ܡ

ûش˳ȥһԡˮ
ܣ֪أصܣƿվšһ춯
ĸ׻ˣ˵һ޳˵͡һʣ
ôˣǴģҲôӰɣСʱˡ

һֱ񲻰緹˵ǵʱ絽ҽԺ
ȥҶݶҧ촽룺̫ˣ첻ȥˡǶ
˵ͳȥûߵſڣ˵һ䣺˵
¡ͷعͷȴĸһĵؿԼЦЦ
ˣûģϢɡ

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Сųȥ򼸷ݱֽСűˡ

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ûεvһƪءҶݶ۾ţǸһζЦ⡣
лͻȻʶԻ⼸죬Ŀ׽
Ĵ£ʯ֣˵ҪĻһ
ʯϻǩġҶݶЦǰϴδ绰˵
һͬѧʯǩѵǩ˵Ҳǩ
ءһɻǸɵӡҶݶ̾һ
˵ȵ£ÿλϴɨأ񵤵ѧʲô˲
ʲôҲùܡȰڵĺǹأôУû
ʱҲ˭Ҷݶֽ۾Цˡ

Ŀ⣬ʯǩԼ֣￴һ˵
Ҳ˻㿴ңЩûд֣дצһɩӣ
ҵĺöˡ

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ء

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ġ 

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߰ѷθ֮Թڲվڽͷ·ܵģŷɻ
ġ

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ɡ

ôʮ꣬ÿʥҶݶһźؿڹʵ
ѱܶ͡˶˼ƵỰռĲҶݶ˽
Ψһһдŵˡֱʧ緽ʽûҶݶļ֣
ǹɩ䱣ġÿʥٽһ
ԱĺؿҶݶд壬ǵ
ĶˣĹκʺСʱһλڼһӣ
¶ĺҶݶĺؿ޳ꡢҽ˵οʿ
档˼ŵĸоãŶæµпضԾ˵
Ҳɩɩǲ˼顣괺죬һС
ľѾɫʴſһʯ·űѩֻмӡ
һϵʾ֣ԶĽ䣬֪վ˶ãվáſ
ţһ¾Ҷݶ

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ʱҰȻĸҸչˣҾɶ˵ҲЦ
ڳɶĽߡ

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ʣ ɩӣϴ˵ʫ˭дģ

Ҷݶ峯һ߹дģйӡȢ
һŮˡһλ߹ٵİŮʮꡣһ
Ӿö±䣬ְǨҴңβҰǸС㣬
Ӧúģֲ赭ϴϴҲԹԡԤе
Ҫˣˣ㻹ǵҵдϵʫ𣿡
˵ǵãһǧ꣬˫ҲͷЦ 
ͷѰӡ

ꡣЩѹ룬˾ô
ȴܰͷϣմӴ¹ҴҶݶͷȻĸܡ

Ҷݶ˵СãķƤɫģ־֡ĸдģ
ʱõһƵģҲģõʱ
ôԶȥ

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һĺˣǴĵԺÿδ绰ʮѹ
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ʱһ˲£һ׾Ҫ˵Զ
žͲ֪ܻܲŻȢôһŮˣܲذ
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ţҪΪǹʱıʹشˣǸ
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ҶݶͷĬĬЦ


5

ؼҺ󲻸ҸǵĻֻ˵㵽ϿһƤ
־֡һžģжѣ

ʣƤԼǶģô
Ƶ˵ʵڼǲסˡ

Ϊʲôƫƫôһˡȴǰ˵
ʱϣ߲ĹĶķǶʱ䣬˺
飬ץֻܱܿߵһС֮
˵ʲôȴ벻һִ־֡ĵһ
طǡ֮ģԴ֮ģˮ֮˵һ
뵽˾ؾͷȥأɳֱ

˵λһ˼䣬Ϣëаǧɢ
äˣȻۣʱָ·֪䣬£
ҲʿһΣ޹ٰ޲ģͼȥԶУ
δҡҽٽͨ硭

磬鵽˭ˣҪǿ̸ʱ
֤̫˼ˣ

ֹͣסıУѹҡҡͷ

˵ػģɼȰҲѹò
ˣֻʵ벻ͨɩɩд֣Ǹ˾ٳٶۣ
Ҳͻɡ

ɫҰףСã˵ˡ

죬ÿҽԺͶҡĸʽҶݶǲ
ˡοһжܺãܿҪʯȥˡ

һڲ⣬͸򱨻СˡСһ˵
֣˶̸־֡˵ű㽫ıֽ򿪣ָһط
㿴

һСְ棬ǡţ˳ҡϸ
žգĶ֣˵һŮԱν켣Ϊÿ
Ҷݶ֧СţСű˵ҪС̿һٻز˵ŰѼ
űֽݸҶݶȥ

ЩֽЦڼôĳ̨ܷż
־ֽʿİԡһŶӣһ߿ԣʱ
ԾͿòˡʱڿдιһָŷ
˵ۣ裬㿴ȻɵһͲͰѵӹȥ
ˡ 

ûصȻֿԣֻЩԱ˭һ֪

һɨűֽһ߳¥ߡƪ¶̶̵ģ֪ôдһ˵
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Ҫг˵λŮԱǰͻȻӰһֱӰ
ӽաͻȻصӰΪϲԱ˵ǰʱһֱ
ϷΣϣɽݡ𺣴Ⱥƿеи
̵塣˽ơ

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˵Сãһ꣬ȥߡ

ıֽ˹ȥ˵쿴ȥɫãһ
Ϣò

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ߣﶼл㡣

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棬ĴĴȴ٣ֻмΣÿζҴææŲµ
źͽǡ˵ܽػ˵ǻи֣仨к
ɫǿԱɫģܿ졣

ɩɩ޸Ҹ࣬ǲ˵
Ķһȥ͸˵Щ֮سɶסһʱ䡣

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ˣ־һʱ䡣һߣһţҲ
ҵѾˣ㲻ҪȰȰҲġ

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ϿˡӸֺγǣ˵ȰĻֻʣҸ
ô˵ģ

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һȣҶݶȴƽĲµˡ
ҶݶΪᣬҲ⡣ŵδ
·صʮǰǽӵĳᡣ̧ͷһʱ
ʱ侲ֹһ̶˺ܶ࣬ҲԼİ롣

һصУƵ

ȷʵ֣ͬšԸǿԳû
һϷΪ¶߶Ⱥ͵ݳͻĸԼֽţ
Щһ׷䶯ŵּߣҲϲĲ¡
𾭣ۣӼھʱŮӡȻ٣
ƢйأʵǸܲˣֻжʮꡣ

˼ߵɳϴؿŵӡ
һתͷ˵ɩӸûУҷ־ӣ

㲲ӣͷҳٺúȰȰɩӡ
ʮ꣬ô̵ҲûУһμܶûгһӾҪ־ӣ
εvҪ㽭Ļξȥú㣬Ϊǵһ¡

ǿЦСãлл㡣Һɩӵ£ն㶼ûá


6

Ĭ˺þã˵

֪ڸʲôϲͷĹʫЩʫҪ
ôҲңҪô֬ʮ㣬ῴ۵ġңȴ˵ǲ
ˡ

ҺɩӸһֱܺáٺõķޣһʱҲƽ
ǰһߵ֪׼ʱдһ־ϡ
һң˵Ҫҵ±ɵӾ硣ŮԱ˵ε
ݣֻ߻˵ҲҪʲôӾ硣ǸݿҺܼˣ
ǸŮԱ绰֮Ҿ;úһ𡣺
ÿ첻绰ͻ겻ᡣٺ룬Ǽ


Ժһʱɩɩֿɺһ룬У
ңĲңĲҡлҪسԼãһ
ȥΡòˡҶݶæǰæӣҺԼ
ޣͰѳˡǱʵϸŲ¡Ĳ֮Ǳ
Ҫô飬Ҫôһϡҿ֡

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ʹԴһ£һбûȻʡһжԼ֯
ҷҪɽȥҾһҪɽҪԼʹԼĥ
ҲҪȥȥ֮ʲôȤܿʲôڵʲô
ȴûаգҲûúȥˣẦöˡǱ
˵ҲɽΪõһ֣һҪõҡ
նڰɽͣסҲô¡ҾҲ
ǰˣͰһҳ˹ȥ

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ֱܵɵû뵽Ȼһ¾ͷˡ

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űֽ˹ȥ

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ģһҪʲôµӰ¶ͻƣһ̸ʲô
òᡣɩɩ͸ˡǰûкú룬ôճ

ǿЦţСã֪Լٲû¡

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Ϳش˳ڿ޾صظſˡ

ĸ׺͵ĸ׿Žǡ󣬽ǻɳ
š˵

Сãңʫô˵ģ


7

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һңԶļεv£һÿһµӰӣľ
ʹ

ҶݶʯȥˣҲȥˣŷߵĵطһ˰̡
Ҳ࿴Ȼʮ濴ǵ߾һࡣԺ
ĵ죬Ǻͽ˷䡣ҹҶݶ˺ܾãûд
ϹһΣֻš

һϣƸҶݶ绰˵̸̸˵ʶң
Ҳ֪˺óʱ׳ʲôһô򾲵
Ҷݶ룬ˡ

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ÿǰһͻȥȹƹİУ˼£һ
Ůӡҹõúܣ·޷ˣҶݶȷ
ȥţ˵Լ֡û˵ӱóһ
ϡñջÿƤһ¾Ҷݶˮ
Ʒҳָ˵ӵϲΪǽΪ
дģܿͿˡ199096ǡ֡һĵ
ˣ̴ﺮΪԼҲΪһֱϰҶݶ

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Ϊ֪Լ󻹻ʲôԲžԼҶݶһֱ
ᣬ˵һİû뵽Ȿ龹Ȼɽأѹҹҹ


Ҷݶ𣬷ŵԼƤȻվʱӵһ
ơһ߳ȹݡ뿪ҶݶŻл㱳·
ȥصѾ˯¡ƣ˯һˡһֱ߳С
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ñʲôײһ£Լһֻ룺ģҾ
ô˽ˣ

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СãؼôķɻϣҪ÷ˣҲԷơ

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Ҷݶ˵ʲôʮұӣǸ
ӣأ˵ͷˣһҵڲԣ
ʲôã




֮󣬽Ҷݶ˿ɶؿ졣Сʱ̨Ͼ
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ᣬϧ̨ͱҲ䵭į

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Ӱʧ˲ãҹɫС

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һ鲹ҪʧˡʶԼ
ԽԽʱɷ׿ʼǰ֡

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˵˵ʱȴЦ磬ɩӣǸŮԱǴӡ
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ˡ

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ѾضҡεvѲڣµĲǼϵ
ľ㳯ΪɩҲиȥǰԺ
ɷνĭβƵĶʮķ޸飬һҲÿ
һʱ֪ĵǹջʮ
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ڿࣺʲôҳƵģҸʲôˣʲôû


ȷɻȻ߿պ󣬽⿪ȫСϣǸ
ɩӵ츲صѾ˺üĹ¡ͻȻʶǼ
Ƕô򵥰һҪ죬ҲʲôĻҪ
ʲô˵ֻʱǿ̣ͬ˵ͷһͷʹ
죬һ˾Ǵˡ

Ǽģ

ɷͤ

ೢԢӻݼεv£ݲɷͤ£ƣ˼ֹϢͤ
ľĩνεõãԻ˼ôЪôҹ
֮㣬ýѡˣӣУ
ôʱҲЪ

飬ٳѰϤıʱŨܵƲѾһжڵ
סˡ



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